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Democratic elections

1. History of democratic elections in the ROC
• Chronology of democratic elections in the ROC since 1987
2. Direct presidential elections since 1996
• Presidential Election 1996
• Presidential Election 2000
• Presidential Election 2004
• Presidential Election 2008
• Presidential Election 2012
• Presidential Election 2016
• Presidential Election 2020
• Presidential Election 2024
• Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996
3. Parliamentary elections since 1991
• Second National Assembly (1991)
• Second Legislative Yuan (1992)
• Third Legislative Yuan (1995)
• Third National Assembly (1996)
• Fourth Legislative Yuan (1998)
• Fifth Legislative Yuan (2001)
• Sixth Legislative Yuan (2004)
• Ad Hoc-National Assembly (2005)
• Seventh Legislative Yuan (2008)
• Eighth Legislative Yuan (2012)
• Ninth Legislative Yuan (2016)
• Tenth Legislative Yuan (2020)
4. Provincial elections
• Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1989)
• Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1994)
• Taiwan Provincial Governor (1994)
5. Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994

Taipei 1994 Kaohsiung 1994 Taipei 1998 Kaohsiung 1998 Taipei 2002 Kaohsiung 2002 Taipei 2006 Kaohsiung 2006 Taipei 2010 Kaohsiung 2010 New Taipei City 2010 Taichung 2010 Tainan 2010 Taipei 2014 New Taipei City 2014 Taoyuan 2014 Taichung 2014

Kaohsiung 2014 Tainan 2014 Taipei 2018 Kaohsiung 2018 New Taipei City 2018 Taoyuan 2018 Taichung 2018 Tainan 2018 Kaohsiung mayor recall vote 2020 Kaohsiung mayor by-election 2020 Taipei 2022 Kaohsiung 2022 New Taipei City 2022 Taoyuan 2022 Taichung 2022 Tainan 2022

6. Referendums since 2004
• Lists of all referendums in the ROC since 2004
• Nationwide referendum 1 + 2
• Nationwide referendum 3 + 4
• Nationwide referendum 5 + 6
• Nationwide referendums 7–16
• Nationwide referendums 17–20
• Constitutional referendums (nationwide)
• Local referendums since 2008
• Non-binding local referendums 1990–2003
7. Glossary: Election terms English–Chinese

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◆ History of democratic elections in the ROC

Although the ROC was the first republic in Asia, it became a true democracy only after martial law ended in July 1987 and a ban for the establishment of new politicial parties was lifted. Another significant change brought about by constitutional amendments was that since March 1996 the ROC president is no longer elected by the National Assembly but directly by the ROC's citizens.

On Dec. 25, 2020 the Legislative Yuan passed amendments to the Civil Code (minfa 民法), lowering the minimum voting age in the ROC from previously 20 years of age to 18, effective Jan. 1, 2023.

Since 2012 ROC presidential and legislative elections have been held simultaneously, but observers have noted the difference in the number of respective eligible voters which is due to stipulations in the ROC election laws according to which citizens must have at some point lived in the ROC for no less than six consecutive months before being eligible to vote for president, while the requirement for other civil servant elections is four months.

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Chronology of democratic elections in the ROC since 1987

Please note that besides the direct presidential elections, parliamentary elections on the central level, provincial elections (provincial assembly, governor) and elections for mayors of special municipalities, there are other elections on the local level like ballots for members of municipal councils and city councils (shiyihui 市議會), members of county councils (xianyihui 縣議會), town / township mayors (zhenzhang 鎮長 / xiangzhang 鄉長), town / township citizen's representatives (zhenmin daibiao 鎮民代表 / xiangmin daibiao 鄉民代表), borough wardens (lizhang 里長) and village chiefs (cunzhang 村長) which are omitted on this website.

Main source for the election results shown on this page is the website of the ROC Central Election Commission (CEC) and its Chinese-language database.

The symbol on the right is often displayed in Taiwan in connection with elections.
 • Direct presidential elections since 1996
 • Parliamentary elections since 1991
 • Provincial elections
 • Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994
 • Referendums since 2004

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◆ Direct presidential elections since 1996

• Presidential Election 1996
• Presidential Election 2000
• Presidential Election 2004
• Presidential Election 2008
• Presidential Election 2012
• Presidential Election 2016
• Presidential Election 2020
• Presidential Election 2024
• Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996

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Preliminary remarks

Since March 1996, the ROC president is elected directly by citizens of the ROC according to constitutional amendments promulgated in May 1992 and July 1994. Before that, the ROC president was elected by the members of the ROC National Assembly which was abolished in June 2005. According to Article 47 of the ROC Constitution, the ROC president is barred from serving more than two consecutive terms of office.

ROC presidential elections are decided by a plurality, or relative majority—the candidate receiving the most votes wins, even if he or she fails to gain an absolute majority of ballots. If no candidate garnered more than 50 percent of the valid votes, the electoral rules of the ROC do not require a runoff between the two strongest contenders in a second round of voting as featured in a majority system (e. g. France), so a simple majority can be enough to become ROC president.

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Presidential Election 1996

Term for the election in Chinese: jiuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 九任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 3,639,113 votes (33.801 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020 2024

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Presidential Election 2000

Term for the election in Chinese: shiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 312,805 votes (2.469 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020 2024

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Presidential Election 2004

Term for the election in Chinese: shiyiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十一任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between DPP and KMT: 29,518 votes (0.2285 percent of valid votes). Please note that the number of invalid votes was more than 11.4 times higher than the DPP's winning margin.

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020 2024

Timeline of the 3-19 shooting investigation

The election result has been surrounded by controversy as the election took place one day after Chen Shui-bian and Annette Lu sustained gunshot wounds in an apparent assassination attempt during an election rally in Tainan. The following is a chronological summary of relevant events in the aftermath of the election.

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Presidential Election 2008

Term for the election in Chinese: shierren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十二任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between KMT and DPP: 2,213,485 votes (16.891 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020 2024

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Presidential Election 2012

Term for the election in Chinese: shisanren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十三任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 797,561 votes (5.972 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012  2016  2020 2024

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Presidential Election 2016

Term for the election in Chinese: shisiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十四任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

The KMT had initially nominated Hung Hsiu-chu 洪秀柱 (b. 1948) as presidential candidate on July 19, 2015 but replaced her with Eric Chu on Oct. 17, 2015.

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 3,081,379 votes (25.082 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020 2024

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Presidential Election 2020

Term for the election in Chinese: shiwuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十五任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 2,648,112 votes (18.517 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016 2020  2024

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Presidential Election 2024

Term for the election in Chinese: shiliuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十六任總統副總統選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates

Result details

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: N/A votes (N/A percent of valid votes)

Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020 2024

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Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996

Elections of ROC Presidents by the National Assembly 1948–1990

Other presidential candidates

1948—Chu Chen 居正 (1876-1951, Hubei), received 269 votes (9.948 %)

1954—Hsu Fu-lin 徐傅霖 (1878-1958, Guangdong), received 48 votes (3.051 %)

Elections of ROC VPs by the National Assembly 1948–1990

Other VP candidates

1948—Sun Fo 孫科 (1891-1973, Guangdong), received 1295 votes (48.892 %); 4 more VP candidates: Cheng Chien 程潛 (1882-1968, Hunan), Yu Yu-jen 于右任 (1879-1964, Shaanxi), Mo Teh-hui 莫德惠 (1883-1968, Kirin), and Hsu Fu-lin 徐傅霖 (1878-1958, Guangdong). Li Tsung-jen was finally elected ROC VP on the 4^th ballot

1954—Shih Chih-chuan 石志泉 (1886-1960, Hubei), received 109 votes (6.929 %)

Note: Chiang Kai-shek's first election to ROC president by the National Assembly in 1948 took place in Nanjing which was evacuated in April 1949. Between April and October 1949 Guangzhou served as the provisional capital; in December 1949 the ROC government moved to Taipei where all subsequent elections of the ROC president by the National Assembly took place.

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◆ Parliamentary elections since 1991

• Second National Assembly (1991)
• Second Legislative Yuan (1992)
• Third Legislative Yuan (1995)
• Third National Assembly (1996)
• Fourth Legislative Yuan (1998)
• Fifth Legislative Yuan (2001)
• Sixth Legislative Yuan (2004)
• Ad Hoc-National Assembly (2005)
• Seventh Legislative Yuan (2008)
• Eighth Legislative Yuan (2012)
• Ninth Legislative Yuan (2016)
• Tenth Legislative Yuan (2020)

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The history of parliamentarism in the ROC reflects the political development of the country. The legislative body in today's ROC is the Legislative Yuan, which was established in 1928. Between the 1940s and 2005, there also was a National Assembly (NA) which had the function of electing the president, and its first general elections took place in 1947. When the Chinese civil war ended, the mainland was under Communist control, and the ROC could not hold elections for either the Legislative Yuan or the NA, so it was decreed that their members would stay in office until new elections could be held on the mainland. Members who had been elected on the mainland were not replaced after their death, but the number of seats for Taiwanese delegates was gradually increased.

After martial law was lifted in 1987 and the "Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion" were abolished in 1991, a completely new National Assembly was finally elected in 1991. Likewise, the veteran members of the Legislative Yuan were forced to retire at the end of 1991 after more than four decades in office, and general elections were held on the territory effectively controlled by the ROC in 1992.

Further constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the NA, most notably when the authority to elect the ROC president was removed. The NA was subsequently transformed into a non-standing body, its delegates were nominated by political parties on the basis of proportional representation, and most of its functions were transferred to the Legislative Yuan. A last election for an Ad Hoc-NA took place in 2005, and after the latest constitutional revisions took effect a month later, the NA ceased to exist altogether, rendering its power to ratify constitutional amendments and territory changes to the public through referendums.

The following lists and tables show democratic parliamentary elections in the ROC on the central level which took place after the constitutional reforms in the early 1990s. (Source: Central Election Commission/CEC)

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Second National Assembly [325 seats]

Term for the election in Chinese: dierjie guomin dahui xuanju 第二屆國民大會選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 14 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—China Democratic Constitutional Party, China Democratic Socialist Party, China Great Harmony Democratic Party, China Justice Party, China National Welfare Party, China Old Veterans Unification Party, China Renaissance Party, Chinese Republican Party, China Social Democratic Party, Labor Party, National Revival Party, Peasant Party, Workers' Party, and Young China Party.

Note: When the ROC Second National Assembly convened on March 20, 1992, besides the 325 elected members (225 regional deputies, 80 nationwide deputies, 20 overseas Chinese deputies) 78 additional deputies (zeng'e guodai 增額國代)—64 KMT, 9 DPP, 1 Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, 1 Young China Party, 3 Independent—elected through a 1986 additional election also participated; the 78 additional deputies' six-year term expired on Jan. 31, 1993.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC National Assembly since 1991
1991  1996  2005

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Second Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: dierjie lifayuan xuanju 第二屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 11 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—China Democratic Socialist Party, China Great Harmony Democratic Party, China Justice Party, China National Welfare Party, China People's Action Party, China Solidarity Party, Labor Party, National Revival Party, Truth Party, Workers' Party, and Young China Party.

The Second Legislative Yuan had a total of 161 members—119 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 30 national representatives, and 6 overseas Chinese representatives.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Third Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: disanjie lifayuan xuanju 第三屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 4 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Civil Party, Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, and Labor Party.

The Third Legislative Yuan had a total of 164 members—122 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 30 national representatives, and 6 overseas Chinese representatives.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Third National Assembly [334 seats]

Term for the election in Chinese: disanjie guomin dahui xuanju 第三屆國民大會選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 4 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats in the Third National Assembly—Advance Party, Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Labor Party, and Young China Party.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC National Assembly since 1991
1991 1996  2005

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Fourth Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: disijie lifayuan xuanju 第四屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 4 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Green Party Taiwan, National Democratic Party, and Young China Party

The Fourth Legislative Yuan had a total of 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41 national representatives, and 8 overseas Chinese representatives.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Fifth Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: diwujie lifayuan xuanju 第五屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 6 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Greater China Unification Front, Green Party Taiwan, Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, Taiwan Intelligence Action Volunteers Party, and TAIP.

The Fifth Legislative Yuan had a total of 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41 national representatives, and 8 overseas Chinese representatives.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Sixth Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: diliujie lifayuan xuanju 第六屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The following 3 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Civil Service Alliance, Taiwan Intelligence Action Volunteers Party, and TAIP.

The Sixth Legislative Yuan had a total of 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41 national representatives, and 8 overseas Chinese representatives.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Ad Hoc-National Assembly

Term for the election in Chinese: renwuxing guomin dahui xuanju 任務型國民大會選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Result details

The 300-member Ad Hoc-National Assembly was elected for the purpose of voting on constitutional amendments. It convened on May 30, 2005 in Taipei, and during its final meeting on June 7, 2005 voted in favour of constitutional amendments passed by the ROC Legislative Yuan the previous August concerning the implementation of a new voting system and the abolishment of the National Assembly.

Note: The political organization led by Chang Yia-chung is also known as Democratic Action Alliance (DAA).

Overview of all general elections for the ROC National Assembly since 1991
1991 1996  2005

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Seventh Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: diqijie lifayuan xuanju 第七屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

The Seventh Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives. According to constitutional amendments passed by the Fifth Legislative Yuan on Aug. 23, 2004 and confirmed by the Ad Hoc-National Assembly on June 7, 2005, the number of legislators was reduced from 225 to 113 and their terms increased from three to four years. Furthermore, for the election of the Seventh Legislative Yuan, a new electoral system was implemented, introducing a "single-member district, two-ballot" system (danyi xuanqu liangpiaozhi 單一選區兩票制) which replaced the electoral system of multi-member districts and a single vote. For the national and overseas Chinese representatives ("legislator-at-large seats"), a five-percent threshold was imposed.

• District representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (73 seats)

• Aboriginal representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (6 seats)

Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 156,052; total votes cast 66,908 (turnout 42.875 %); valid votes 65,522 (97.928 % of total); invalid votes 1,386 (2.071 % of total).

Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 167,020; total votes cast 86,093 (turnout 51.546 %); valid votes 84,358 (97.984 % of total); invalid votes 1,735 (2.015 % of total).

Aborigines combined—KMT 82,275 (54.893 %, 4 seats); PFP 26,190 (17.473 %, 1 seat); NPSU 20,012 (13.352 %, 1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 21,403 (14.280 %, 0 seats).

•   National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (34 seats)

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, only two parties—the KMT and the DPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 81 KMT, 27 DPP, 3 NPSU, 1 PFP, 1 Independent, giving the KMT more than a two-thirds majority.

The following 13 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Civil Party, Dadao Compassion Jishih Party, Democratic Freedom Party, Green Party Taiwan, Hakka Party, Home Party, National Loyalty Party, NP, Taiwan Constitution Association, Taiwan Farmers' Party, Taiwan World Peace Party, Third Society Party, and TSU.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Eighth Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: dibajie lifayuan xuanju 第八屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

The Eighth Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.

• District representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (73 seats)

• Aboriginal representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (6 seats)

Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 171,548; total votes cast 100,671 (turnout 58.683 %); valid votes 98,131 (97.476 % of total); invalid votes 2,540 (2.523 % of total).

Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 183,398; total votes cast 119,374 (turnout 65.090 %); valid votes 116,712 (97.770 % of total); invalid votes 2,662 (2.229 % of total).

Aborigines combined—KMT 110,688 (51.520 %, 4 seats); PFP 29,525 (13.742 %, 1 seat); NPSU 29,520 (13.740 %, 1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 45,110 (20.996 %, 0 seats).

•   National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the KMT, the DPP, the TSU and the PFP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 64 KMT, 40 DPP, 3 PFP, 3 TSU, 2 NPSU, 1 Independent.

The following 10 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Green Party Taiwan, NHSA, NP, People's Democratic Front, People Party, R.O.C. The Basic Laws of Taiwan Corporation, Taiwan Global Commercial Party, Taiwan Ideology Party, Taiwan National Congress, and Zheng Party.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Ninth Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: dijiujie lifayuan xuanju 第九屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

The Ninth Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.

• District representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (73 seats)

• Aboriginal representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (6 seats)

Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 187,076; total votes cast 96,761 (turnout 51.722 %); valid votes 94,607 (97.773 % of total); invalid votes 2,154 (2.226 % of total).

Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 200,029; total votes cast 115,341 (turnout 57.662 %); valid votes 112,965 (97.940 % of total); invalid votes 2,376 (2.059 % of total).

Aborigines combined—KMT 101,610 (48.951 %, 4 seats); DPP 33,710 (16.240 %, 1 seat); NPSU 27,690 (13.339 %, 1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. PFP, MKT) 44,562 (21.468 %, 0 seats).

•   National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the DPP, the KMT, the PFP and the NPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 68 DPP, 35 KMT, 5 NPP, 3 PFP, 1 NPSU, 1 Independent.

The following 19 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—China Production Party, Constitutional Conventions of Taiwan, FHL, Free Taiwan Party, Green Party Taiwan & Social Democratic Party Alliance, MCFAP, MKT, Motorists' Party of ROC, NHSA, NP, People's Democratic Front, PEUP, PPUP, Social Welfare Party, Taiwan First Nations Party, Taiwan Independence Party, Taiwan Labor Party, Taiwan Win Party, Trees Party, TSU, and Unionist Party.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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Tenth Legislative Yuan

Term for the election in Chinese: dishijie lifayuan xuanju 第十屆立法院選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

The Tenth Legislative Yuan has a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.

• District representatives in the Tenth Legislative Yuan (73 seats)

• Aboriginal representatives in the Tenth Legislative Yuan (6 seats)

Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 199,833; total votes cast 124,504 (turnout 62.304 %); valid votes 121,880 (97.8924 % of total); invalid votes 2,624 (2.1075 % of total).

Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 215,115; total votes cast 147,572 (turnout 68.601 %); valid votes 144,724 (98.070 % of total); invalid votes 2,848 (1.929 % of total).

Aborigines combined—KMT 128,246 (48.103 %, 3 seats); DPP 51,615 (19.360 %, 2 seats); Ind. 73,116 (27.425 %, 1 seat); Others (incl. United Action Alliance, Formosa Alliance, Green Party, Stabilizing Force Party etc.) 13,627 (5.111 %, 0 seats).

•   National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Tenth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the DPP, the KMT, the TPP and the NPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 62 DPP, 38 KMT, 5 TPP, 3 NPP, 1 Taiwan Statebuilding Party, 4 Independent.

The following 14 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—PFP, TSU, NP, Green Party, Unionist Party, Labor Party, TAPA, Taiwan Renewal Party, Sovereign State for Formosa & Pescadores Party, Formosa Alliance, IFU, United Action Alliance, Stabilizing Force Party, and CPA.

Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995  1998 2001  2004 2008  2012 2016  2020

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◆ Provincial elections

• Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1989)
• Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1994)
• Taiwan Provincial Governor (1994)

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Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan [77 seats]

Term for the election in Chinese: dijiujie Taiwan sheng yiyuan xuanju 第 9 屆台灣省議員選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Parties and Results

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Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan [79 seats]

Term for the election in Chinese: dishijie Taiwan sheng yiyuan xuanju 第 10 屆台灣省議員選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Parties and Results

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Taiwan Provincial Governor

Term for the election in Chinese: diyijie Taiwan shengzhang xuanju 第 1 屆台灣省長選舉

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 1,471,125 votes (17.501 percent of valid votes)

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◆ Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994

Taipei 1994 Kaohsiung 1994 Taipei 1998 Kaohsiung 1998 Taipei 2002 Kaohsiung 2002 Taipei 2006 Kaohsiung 2006 Taipei 2010 Kaohsiung 2010 New Taipei City 2010 Taichung 2010 Tainan 2010 Taipei 2014 New Taipei City 2014 Taoyuan 2014 Taichung 2014

Kaohsiung 2014 Tainan 2014 Taipei 2018 Kaohsiung 2018 New Taipei City 2018 Taoyuan 2018 Taichung 2018 Tainan 2018 Kaohsiung mayor recall vote 2020 Kaohsiung mayor by-election 2020 Taipei 2022 Kaohsiung 2022 New Taipei City 2022 Taoyuan 2022 Taichung 2022 Tainan 2022

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In the local politics of Taiwan ROC, special municipalities are of major significance, and the mayor of a special municipality is regarded as a political heavyweight. The first special municipality in Taiwan was Taipei which was elevated to that status in 1967, followed by Kaohsiung in 1979. In December 2010, the number of special municipalities in Taiwan ROC rose to five—Taipei County was upgraded and renamed "New Taipei City", Taichung City and Taichung County were merged and upgraded, likewise Tainan City and Tainan County, and Kaohsiung County was included into Kaohsiung Special Municipality. Taoyuan became the sixth special municipality in December 2014. The mayors of Taipei and Kaohsiung have been directly elected since 1994.

Please note that in addition to the Central Election Commission of the ROC, each county and city has its own election commission, the respective commissions of the six special municipalities are listed below. (Their URLs lead to Chinese-language websites, no English version available.)

 • Taipei City Election Commission
 • Kaohsiung City Election Commission
 • New Taipei City Election Commission
 • Taoyuan City Election Commission
 • Taichung City Election Commission
 • Tainan City Election Commission

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Taipei 1994

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 190,185 votes (13.502 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 1994

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 111,656 votes (15.173 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taipei 1998

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 78,305 votes (5.224 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 1998

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 4,565 votes (0.573 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taipei 2002

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 384,291 votes (28.217 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 2002

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 24,838 votes (3.2167 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taipei 2006

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 166,216 votes (12.924 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 2006

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 1,114 votes (0.145 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taipei 2010

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 169,736 votes (11.8387 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 2010

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 406,139 votes (26.1147 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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New Taipei City 2010

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 110,636 votes (5.217 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taichung 2010

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 31,926 votes (2.2347 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Tainan 2010

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 213,701 votes (20.8266 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taipei 2014

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

❶ = Third Class Citizen Justice Human Rights Self-Help Party (sandeng guomin gongyi renquan zijiudang 三等國民公義人權自救黨)

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 244,051 votes (16.3349 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 2014

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 542,653 votes (37.196 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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New Taipei City 2014

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 24,528 votes (1.2799 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taoyuan 2014

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 29,281 votes (3.0327 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taoyuan City mayor since 2014
2014 2018  2022

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Taichung 2014

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 209,753 votes (14.1265 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Tainan 2014

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 447,021 votes (45.7969 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taipei 2018

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ According to the first vote count which was conducted immediately after the poll stations closed on Nov. 24, 2018, Ko Wen-je defeated Ting Shou-chung with a margin of 3,254 votes (0.2299 percent of valid votes). After a recount was completed, the new results were released on Dec. 13, 2018, with Ko having a slightly increased winning margin of 3,567 votes (0.2522 percent of valid votes).

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 2018

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 150,306 votes (9.0714 percent of valid votes)

Crime and punishment

Less than a year after assuming office as Kaohsiung mayor on Dec. 25, 2018, Han Kuo-yu on July 15, 2019 accepted the KMT's nomination as candidate for the ROC presidential election held on Jan. 11, 2020 and threw himself into the campaign. After losing the presidential election, a recall vote against the mayor was initiated which took place on June 6, 2020. Han lost that vote and was replaced in a by-election on Aug. 15, 2020 with DPP candidate Chen Chi-mai 陳其邁.

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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New Taipei City 2018

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 291,438 votes (14.2944 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taoyuan 2018

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 145,096 votes (14.044 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taoyuan City mayor since 2014
2014 2018  2022

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Taichung 2018

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 208,141 votes (14.219 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Tainan 2018

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 54,644 votes (5.652 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung mayor recall vote 2020

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed, 25 % threshold surpassed); difference between Agree and Disagree votes: 914,039 votes (94.8034 percent of valid votes)

Background and aftermath

The first recall vote against a mayor of a special municipality in the history of the ROC was initiated on Jan. 17, 2020 after a petition to recall Kaohsiung mayor Han Kuo-yu 韓國瑜 cleared the first threshold with 28,560 signatures, exceeding the required 1 percent of the electorate (22,814 signatures). Han had assumed office as mayor on Dec. 25, 2018 after winning the mayoral election, but less than a year in his term he on July 15, 2019 accepted the KMT's nomination as candidate for the ROC presidential election held on Jan. 11, 2020 and threw himself into the campaign. Han lost the presidential election by a wide margin.

On April 7, 2020 the electoral commission of Kaohsiung City verified that 377,662 of approximately 406,000 signatures collected in the second phase of the recall petition were valid, clearing the threshold of 10 percent of the electorate. The Central Election Commission (CEC) certified the validity of collected signatures on April 17 and scheduled a recall vote that would require a quarter of eligible voters casting an "Agree" vote while outnumbering "Disagree" votes to remove mayor Han from office.

Due to the popular mandate to recall mayor Han a mayoral by-election was to be held within 90 days as required by law. Han did not challenge the recall vote result. On June 12, 2020 the CEC certified the result of the recall vote and set Aug. 15, 2020 as the date for the by-election.

Please note that the recall of Mayor Han was facilitated by amendments to the Civil Servants Election and Recall Act (gongzhi renyuan xuanju bamianfa 公職人員選舉罷免法) which were passed by the ROC Legislative Yuan on Nov. 29, 2016 with the support of the ruling DPP and the oppositional People First Party (PFP). The amendments dropped the threshold for recall petitions from 2 percent of voters within the elected official’s constituency to 1 percent, while the number of signatures supporting the proposal was cut from 13 percent to 10 percent. Furthermore, following the amendments the amount of votes supporting the recall now must reach at least a quarter of the original voting population of the constituency, down from half, with at least half voting for the recall.

Lawmakers supporting the 2016 amendments defended the new provisions as they ‘returned the power to recall elected officials to the public after it was previously withheld due to high thresholds’. The New Power Party (NPP) had advocated removing all of the thresholds as it felt that a simple majority would be the best method that represents public opinion, according to NPP legislator-at-large Hsu Yung-ming 徐永明.

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Kaohsiung mayor by-election 2020

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 423,326 votes (44.1313 percent of valid votes)

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Taipei 2022

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

❶ Taiwan Animal Protection Party (Taiwan dongwu baohudang 台灣動物保護黨)
❷ Taiwan Renewal Party (Taiwan weixin 台灣維新)
❸ Republican Party (gonghedang 共和黨)
❹ Sovereign State for Formosa & Pescadores Party (Tai Peng guojifa fali jianguodang 台澎國際法法理建國黨)

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 141,032 votes (10.362 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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Kaohsiung 2022

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 236,540 votes (17.936 percent of valid votes)

Please note that the English spelling of Cheng Yu-hsiang 鄭宇翔 has not been officially confirmed.

Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998  2002 2006  2010 2014  2018 2022

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New Taipei City 2022

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 458,579 votes (24.834 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Taoyuan 2022

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 128,589 votes (11.997 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taoyuan City mayor since 2014
2014 2018 2022

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Taichung 2022

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 274,883 votes (20.415 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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Tainan 2022

Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes

Candidates and Results

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 45,953 votes (5.170 percent of valid votes)

Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014  2018 2022

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◆ Referendums since 2004

• Lists of all referendums in the ROC since 2004
• Nationwide referendum 1 + 2
• Nationwide referendum 3 + 4
• Nationwide referendum 5 + 6
• Nationwide referendums 7–16
• Nationwide referendums 17–20
• Constitutional referendums (nationwide)
• Local referendums since 2008
• Non-binding local referendums 1990–2003

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Different kinds of referendums—nationwide and local

The ROC's Referendum Act (gongmin toupiaofa 公民投票法, abbrev. gongtoufa 公投法) which was promulgated on Nov. 27, 2003 distinguishes between nationwide referendums (quanguoxing gongmin toupiao 全國性公民投票) and local referendums (difangxing gongmin toupiao 地方性公民投票).

Nationwide referendums were held on five occasions (March 20, 2004; Jan. 12, 2008; March 22, 2008; Nov. 24, 2018; and Dec. 18, 2021). Since the Referendum Act before January 2018 required a minimum turnout of 50 percent of eligible voters for a valid result, all of the first six nationwide referendums in the ROC were rejected due to low participation.

Local referendums in the ROC were held on six occasions—in 2008 in Kaohsiung City, in 2009 and 2016 in Penghu County, in 2012 in Lienchiang County (Matsu), in 2017 in Kinmen County, and in December 2021 in Hsinchu City. The 50 percent minimum turnout requirement was repealed for the local referendums in Penghu and Matsu after the ROC Legislative Yuan had passed amendments to the Offshore Islands Development Act (lidao jianshe tiaoli 離島建設條例) on Jan. 23, 2009.

Amendments to the Referendum Act

On Dec. 12, 2017 the Legislative Yuan passed amendments to the Referendum Act to lower the thresholds for a referendum motion to be initiated and accepted, and for its result to be declared valid; opponents had criticized the old requirements as "birdcage referendum" (niaolong gongtou 鳥籠公投). The following provisions took effect two days after they were promulgated by the president on Jan. 3, 2018:

• The result of a referendum will be declared legitimate if 25 percent of all eligible voters cast ballots and a majority votes in favor of the proposal.
• The required number of signatures for a referendum initiative in the first stage was lowered from 0.5 percent to 0.01 percent of the total number of eligible voters in the most recent presidential election.
• In the second stage, for such an initiative to be accepted, the threshold has been lowered from 5 percent to 1.5 percent of the total number of eligible voters in the most recent presidential election.
• The ROC Executive Yuan was granted the right to propose referendums on major policies, proposing or vetoing a law.
• Signature drives, which are necessary for a referendum, are now allowed to be conducted online; the lead initiator of a referendum should request an authentication code when filing a request for an online signature drive with the Central Election Commission (CEC).
• Issues stipulated in the ROC Constitution—such as the nation's official title and territory—are not to be decided through referendums.
• The legal minimum voting age for referendums was lowered from 20 to 18.

Following the 2018 nationwide referendums, a further amendment to the Referendum Act was passed by the Legislative Yuan on June 17, 2019—starting in 2021, referendums are to be held on the fourth Saturday of August once every two years, thus decoupling them from national elections. The task of dealing with the issue of fake signatures on referendum petitions will reportedly be given to the CEC.

Constitutional referendums

In addition to nationwide referendums and local referendums there are also constitutional referendums (xiuxian gongtou 修憲公投), i. e. a vote about the proposal for a constitution amendment (xiuxian fujuean 修憲複決案). The first such referendum is scheduled to take place on Nov. 26, 2022. It should be pointed out that the legal foundation for constitutional referendums in the ROC is Article 12 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, not the Referendum Act. Article 12 reads as follows:

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Lists of all referendums in the ROC since 2004

Nationwide referendums

Constitutional referendums (nationwide)

Local referendums

Topics of nationwide referendums—an overview

Note: The column on the far right indicates whether the referendum in question was approved (👍) or rejected (👎).

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Nationwide referendum 1 + 2

Held on March 20, 2004; concurrently with the ROC presidential election

Eligible voters: 16,497,746

Nationwide refendum 1—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di yi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 1 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

Nationwide refendum 2—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di er an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 2 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

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Nationwide referendum 3 + 4

Held on Jan. 12, 2008; concurrently with the elections to the ROC Legislative Yuan

Eligible voters: 17,277,720

Nationwide refendum 3—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di san an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 3 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

Nationwide refendum 4—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di si an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 4 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

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Nationwide referendum 5 + 6

Held on March 22, 2008; concurrently with the ROC presidential election

Eligible voters: 17,313,854

Nationwide refendum 5—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di wu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 5 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

Nationwide refendum 6—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di liu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 6 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

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Nationwide referendums 7–16

Held on Nov. 24, 2018; concurrently with the ROC 9-in-1 local elections

Eligible voters: 19,760,982

Nationwide refendum 7—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di qi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 7 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Nationwide refendum 8—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di ba an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 8 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Nationwide refendum 9—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di jiu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 9 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Nationwide refendum 10—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 10 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Nationwide refendum 11—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiyi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 11 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Nationwide refendum 12—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shier an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 12 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Nationwide refendum 13—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shisan an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 13 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Nationwide refendum 14—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shisi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 14 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Nationwide refendum 15—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiwu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 15 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Nationwide refendum 16—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiliu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 16 案全國性公民投票案

Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

Please note that concerning the nationwide referendums voted on in 2018, some Taiwanese media used abbreviated forms in Chinese for referring to the ten different referendums of that day in order to reduce confusion.

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Nationwide referendums 17–20

Held on Dec. 18, 2021

Eligible voters: 19,825,468

On May 27, 2021 the Central Election Commission (CEC) announced that in accordance with Article 23 of the Referendum Act four nationwide referendums were to be held in the ROC on Aug. 28 that year. Following an outbreak of COVID-19 on Taiwan the CEC on July 2, 2021 postponed the referendum date to Dec. 18 that year. The threshold for the nationwide referendums 17–20 to be passed would have been a minimum of 4,956,367 ‘Agree’ votes with the number of ‘Agree’ votes being higher than the ‘Disagree’ votes, but in none of the four referendums the Agree votes succeeded in surpassing the threshold, while the number of Disagree votes was higher for all of them, resulting in the nationwide referendums 17–20 to be rejected.

Nationwide refendum 17—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiqi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 17 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Nationwide refendum 18—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiba an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 18 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Nationwide refendum 19—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shijiu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 19 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Nationwide refendum 20—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: di ershi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 20 案全國性公民投票案

Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Please note that concerning the nationwide referendums voted on in 2021, some Taiwanese media used abbreviated forms in Chinese for referring to the four different referendums of that day in order to reduce confusion.

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Constitutional referendums (nationwide)

1^st constitutional referendum (nationwide)—Topic and results

Term for the referendum in Chinese: xianfa xiuzheng’an zhi fujuean di yi an 憲法修正案之複決案第 1 案

Held on Nov. 26, 2022; eligible voters: 19,239,392