www.taiwan-database.net
Democratic elections
- History of democratic elections in the ROC
- Direct presidential elections since 1996
- Presidential Election 1996
- Presidential Election 2000
- Presidential Election 2004
- Presidential Election 2008
- Presidential Election 2012
- Presidential Election 2016
- Presidential Election 2020
- Presidential Election 2024
- Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996
- Parliamentary elections since 1991
- Second National Assembly (1991)
- Second Legislative Yuan (1992)
- Third Legislative Yuan (1995)
- Third National Assembly (1996)
- Fourth Legislative Yuan (1998)
- Fifth Legislative Yuan (2001)
- Sixth Legislative Yuan (2004)
- Ad Hoc-National Assembly (2005)
- Seventh Legislative Yuan (2008)
- Eighth Legislative Yuan (2012)
- Ninth Legislative Yuan (2016)
- Tenth Legislative Yuan (2020)
- Eleventh Legislative Yuan (2024)
- Provincial elections
- Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1989)
- Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1994)
- Taiwan Provincial Governor (1994)
- Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994
- Referendums since 2004
- Lists of all referendums in the ROC since 2004
- Nationwide referendum 1 + 2
- Nationwide referendum 3 + 4
- Nationwide referendum 5 + 6
- Nationwide referendums 7–16
- Nationwide referendums 17–20
- Constitutional referendums (nationwide)
- Local referendums since 2008
- Non-binding local referendums 1990–2003
- Glossary: Election terms English–Chinese
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◆ History of democratic elections in the ROC
Although the ROC was the first republic in Asia, it became a true democracy only after martial law ended in July 1987 and a ban for the establishment of new politicial parties was lifted. On June 21, 1990 the ROC Council of Grand Justices announced that senior parliamentarians should terminate their responsibilities by Dec. 31, 1991. Accordingly, elections for the Second National Assembly were held on Dec. 21, 1991 and for the Second Legislative Yuan on Dec. 19, 1992, and all members who had been elected on the mainland in the late 1940s were finally retired.
Another significant change brought about by constitutional amendments was that since March 1996 the ROC president is no longer elected by the National Assembly but directly by the ROC's citizens.
On Dec. 25, 2020 the Legislative Yuan passed amendments to the Civil Code (minfa 民法), lowering the minimum voting age in the ROC from previously 20 years of age to 18, effective Jan. 1, 2023.
Since 2012 ROC presidential and legislative elections have been held simultaneously, but observers have noted the difference in the number of respective eligible voters which is due to stipulations in the ROC election laws according to which citizens must have at some point lived in the ROC for no less than six consecutive months before being eligible to vote for president, while the requirement for other civil servant elections is four months.
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Chronology of democratic elections in the ROC since 1987
| Year | Date | Election |
|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Dec. 2 | First Legislative Yuan (by-election Taiwan area) |
| " | Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan | |
| " | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| 1991 | Dec. 21 | Second National Assembly |
| 1992 | Dec. 19 | Second Legislative Yuan |
| 1993 | Nov. 27 | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates |
| 1994 | Dec. 3 | Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan |
| " | Taiwan provincial governor | |
| " | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| 1995 | Dec. 3 | Third Legislative Yuan |
| 1996 | March 23 | 9th President ROC |
| " | Third National Assembly | |
| 1997 | Nov. 29 | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates |
| 1998 | Dec. 5 | Fourth Legislative Yuan |
| " | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| 2000 | March 18 | 10th President ROC |
| 2001 | Dec. 1 | Fifth Legislative Yuan |
| " | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| 2002 | Jan. 26 | ROC county / community councils |
| " | ROC township heads | |
| Dec. 7 | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| 2004 | March 20 | 11th President ROC; nationwide referendum 1 + 2 |
| Dec. 11 | Sixth Legislative Yuan | |
| 2005 | May 14 | Ad Hoc-National Assembly |
| Dec. 3 | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| " | ROC city and county councils | |
| " | ROC township heads | |
| 2006 | Dec. 9 | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung | |
| 2008 | Jan. 12 | Seventh Legislative Yuan; nationwide referendum 3 + 4 |
| March 22 | 12th President ROC; nationwide referendum 5 + 6 | |
| Nov. 15 | Local referendum 1 (Kaohsiung City) | |
| 2009 | Sept. 26 | Local referendum 2 (Penghu County) |
| Dec. 5 | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| " | ROC city and county councils | |
| " | ROC township heads | |
| 2010 | Nov. 27 | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taichung, Tainan |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taichung, Tainan | |
| 2012 | Jan. 14 | 13th President ROC |
| " | Eighth Legislative Yuan | |
| July 7 | Local referendum 3 (Lienchiang County) | |
| 2014 | Nov. 29 | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan | |
| " | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| " | ROC city and county councils | |
| " | ROC township heads | |
| 2016 | Jan. 16 | 14th President ROC |
| " | Ninth Legislative Yuan | |
| Oct. 15 | Local referendum 4 (Penghu County) | |
| 2017 | Oct. 28 | Local referendum 5 (Kinmen County) |
| Dec. 16 | Recall vote against NPP legislator Huang Kuo-chang (New Taipei City 12) | |
| 2018 | Nov. 24 | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan | |
| " | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| " | ROC city and county councils | |
| " | ROC township heads | |
| " | Nationwide referendums 7–16 | |
| 2020 | Jan. 11 | 15th President ROC |
| " | Tenth Legislative Yuan | |
| June 6 | Recall vote against Kaohsiung mayor Han Kuo-yu (KMT) | |
| Aug. 15 | Kaohsiung mayor by-election | |
| 2021 | Oct. 23 | Recall vote against TSP legislator Wonda Chen (Taichung City 2) |
| Dec. 18 | Nationwide referendums 17–20 | |
| " | Local referendum 6 (Hsinchu City) | |
| 2022 | Jan. 9 | Recall vote against independent legislator Freddy Lim (Taipei City 5) |
| Nov. 26 | Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan | |
| " | City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan | |
| " | ROC city mayors (county level), county magistrates | |
| " | ROC city and county councils | |
| " | 1st constitutional referendum (nationwide) | |
| Dec. 18 | Chiayi City mayor | |
| 2024 | Jan. 13 | 16th President ROC |
| " | Eleventh Legislative Yuan | |
| Oct. 13 | Recall vote against Keelung mayor Hsieh Kuo-liang (KMT) |
Please note that besides the direct presidential elections, parliamentary elections on the central level, provincial elections (provincial assembly, governor) and elections for mayors of special municipalities, there are other elections on the local level like ballots for members of municipal councils and city councils (shiyihui 市議會), members of county councils (xianyihui 縣議會), town / township mayors (zhenzhang 鎮長 / xiangzhang 鄉長), town / township citizen's representatives (zhenmin daibiao 鎮民代表 / xiangmin daibiao 鄉民代表), borough wardens (lizhang 里長) and village chiefs (cunzhang 村長) which are omitted on this website.
Main source for the election results shown on this page is the website of the ROC Central Election Commission (CEC) and its Chinese-language database.
The
symbol on the right is often displayed in Taiwan in connection with elections.
• Direct presidential elections since 1996
• Parliamentary elections since 1991
• Provincial elections
• Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994
• Referendums since 2004
TOP HOME [◆ Elections history]
Major elections in Taiwan under martial law
Before the begin of the democratization process in Taiwan, popular elections did take place but were strictly controlled by the KMT-led ROC government. The table below shows elections/by-elections for the First National Assembly (NA), the First Legislative Yuan and the Taiwan Provincial Assembly (TPA).
| Year, date | Body | Available seats |
|---|---|---|
| 1947, Nov. 21–23 | General election, First NA (counties, cities) | 2,177 (Taiwan: 19) |
| 1948, Jan. 21–23 | General election, First Legislative Yuan | 759 (Taiwan: 8) |
| 1951, Nov. 18 | First TPA [temp.] | 55 |
| 1954, May 2 | Second TPA [temp.] | 57 |
| 1957, April 21 | Third TPA [temp.]/First TPA | 66 |
| 1960, April 24 | Second TPA | 73 |
| 1963, April 28 | Third TPA | 74 |
| 1968, April 21 | Fourth TPA | 71 |
| 1969, Dec. 20 | First NA By-election (Taiwan area) | 15 |
| First Legislative Yuan By-election (Taiwan area) | 11 | |
| 1972, Dec. 23 | First NA By-election (Taiwan area) | 53 |
| First Legislative Yuan By-election (Taiwan area) | 51 | |
| Fifth TPA | 73 | |
| 1975, Dec. 20 | First Legislative Yuan By-election (Taiwan area) | 52 |
| 1977, Nov. 19 | Sixth TPA | 77 |
| 1980, Dec. 6 | First NA By-election (Taiwan area) | 76 |
| First Legislative Yuan By-election (Taiwan area) | 97 | |
| 1981, Nov. 14 | Seventh TPA | 77 |
| 1983, Dec. 3 | First Legislative Yuan By-election (Taiwan area) | 98 |
| 1985, Nov. 16 | Eighth TPA | 77 |
| 1986, Dec. 6 | First NA By-election (Taiwan area) | 84 |
| First Legislative Yuan By-election (Taiwan area) | 100 |
TOP HOME [◆ Elections history]
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◆ Direct presidential elections since 1996
- Presidential Election 1996
- Presidential Election 2000
- Presidential Election 2004
- Presidential Election 2008
- Presidential Election 2012
- Presidential Election 2016
- Presidential Election 2020
- Presidential Election 2024
- Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996
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Preliminary remarks
Since March 1996, the ROC president is elected directly by citizens of the ROC according to constitutional amendments promulgated in May 1992 and July 1994. Before that, the ROC president was elected by the members of the ROC National Assembly which was abolished in June 2005. According to Article 47 of the ROC Constitution, the ROC president is barred from serving more than two consecutive terms of office.
ROC presidential elections are decided by a plurality, or relative majority—the candidate receiving the most votes wins, even if he or she fails to gain an absolute majority of ballots. If no candidate garnered more than 50 percent of the valid votes, the electoral rules of the ROC do not require a runoff between the two strongest contenders in a second round of voting as featured in a majority system (e. g. France), so a simple majority can be enough to become ROC president.
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
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Presidential Election 1996
Term for the election in Chinese: jiuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 九任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | March 23, 1996 |
| Eligible voters | 14,313,288 voters |
| Total votes cast | 10,883,279 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 76.036 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,766,119 votes (98.923 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 117,160 votes (1.076 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (1996) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (1923-2020) | Lien Chan 連戰 (b. 1936) | KMT |
| Peng Ming-min 彭明敏 (1923-2022) | Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) | DPP |
| Lin Yang-kang 林洋港 (1927-2013) | Hau Pei-tsun 郝柏村 (1919-2020) | Independent |
| Chen Li-an 陳履安 (b. 1937) | Wang Ching-feng 王清峰 (b. 1952) | Ind. |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lee–Lien | 5,913,699 | 54.928 % | |
| Peng–Hsieh | 2,274,586 | 21.127 % | |
| Lin–Hau | 1,603,790 | 14.896 % | |
| Chen–Wang | 1,074,044 | 9.976 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 3,639,113 votes (33.801 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2000
Term for the election in Chinese: shiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | March 18, 2000 |
| Eligible voters | 15,462,625 voters |
| Total votes cast | 12,786,671 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 82.694 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 12,664,393 votes (99.043 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 122,278 votes (0.956 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2000) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Lien Chan 連戰 (b. 1936) | Vincent Siew 蕭萬長 (b. 1939) | KMT |
| Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 (b. 1950) | Annette Lu 呂秀蓮 (b. 1944) | DPP |
| James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | Chang Chao-hsiung 張昭雄 (b. 1942) | Ind. |
| Hsu Hsin-liang 許信良 (b. 1941) | Josephine Chu 朱惠良 (b. 1950) | Ind. |
| Li Ao 李敖 (1935-2018) | Elmer Fung 馮滬祥 (1948-2021) | Ind. / NP |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chen–Lu | 4,977,737 | 39.304 % | |
| Soong–Chang | 4,664,932 | 36.835 % | |
| Lien–Siew | 2,925,513 | 23.100 % | |
| Hsu–Chu | 79,429 | 0.627 % | |
| Li–Fung | 16,782 | 0.132 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 312,805 votes (2.469 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2004
Term for the election in Chinese: shiyiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十一任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | March 20, 2004 |
| Eligible voters | 16,507,179 voters |
| Total votes cast | 13,251,719 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 80.278 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 12,914,422 votes (97.454 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 337,297 votes (2.545 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2004) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 (b. 1950) | Annette Lu 呂秀蓮 (b. 1944) | DPP |
| Lien Chan 連戰 (b. 1936) | James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | KMT / PFP |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chen–Lu | 6,471,970 | 50.114 % | |
| Lien–Soong | 6,442,452 | 49.885 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between DPP and KMT: 29,518 votes (0.2285 percent of valid votes). Please note that the number of invalid votes was more than 11.4 times higher than the DPP's winning margin.
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
Timeline of the 3-19 shooting investigation
The election result has been surrounded by controversy as the election took place one day after Chen Shui-bian and Annette Lu sustained gunshot wounds in an apparent assassination attempt during an election rally in Tainan. The following is a chronological summary of relevant events in the aftermath of the election.
| 2004 | April 9: American forensics expert Dr. Henry C. Lee 李昌鈺 arrives in Taiwan to investigate the 3-19 shooting |
| Aug. 24: The Fifth Legislative Yuan—where the opposition parties KMT, PFP and NP combined had an absolute majority—approves the "Organic Statute for the 3-19 Shooting Truth Investigation Special Committee" (sanyijiu qiangji shijian zhenxiang diaocha tebie weiyuanhui tiaoli 三一九槍擊事件真相調查特別委員會條例) to probe the 3-19 shooting | |
| Dec. 13: The Criminal Investigation Bureau (CIB) under the MOI National Police Agency (NPA) identifies Tang Shou-yi 唐守義 as the maker of the bullets used in the 3-19 shooting | |
| 2005 | Jan. 17: The March 19 Shooting Truth Investigation Special Committee announces that the shooting of Chen Shui-bian did not occur as reported |
| Jan. 19: The CIB dismisses the findings of the March 19 Shooting Truth Investigation Special Committee and defends its own study results as scientific and indisputable as well as in line with Henry C. Lee's conclusions | |
| March 7: During a press conference, Taiwanese police name retired construction worker Chen Yi-hsiung 陳義雄—who was found drowned in Tainan harbour on March 29, 2004 after an apparent suicide—as main suspect in the 3-19 shooting | |
| Aug. 17: The Supreme Prosecutors Office (zuigao fayuan jianchashu 最高法院檢察署) of the ROC declares its investigation into the 3-19 assassination attempt closed, concluding that Chen Yi-hsiung was entirely responsible for the shooting but also pointing out that the gun used in the shooting had not been found | |
| 2006 | Dec. 6: The KMT demands a new probe into the 3-19 shooting after alleged gunsmith Tang Shou-yi retracted his confession |
| 2008 | March 26: Frank Hsieh steps down as DPP chairman and urges ROC President-elect Ma Ying-jeou to have the 3-19 shooting re-investigated |
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2008
Term for the election in Chinese: shierren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十二任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | March 22, 2008 |
| Eligible voters | 17,321,622 voters |
| Total votes cast | 13,221,609 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 76.330 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 13,103,963 votes (99.110 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 117,646 votes (0.889 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2008) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) | Su Tseng-chang 蘇貞昌 (b. 1947) | DPP |
| Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) | Vincent Siew 蕭萬長 (b. 1939) | KMT |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ma–Siew | 7,658,724 | 58.445 % | |
| Hsieh–Su | 5,445,239 | 41.554 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between KMT and DPP: 2,213,485 votes (16.891 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2012
Term for the election in Chinese: shisanren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十三任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Jan. 14, 2012 |
| Eligible voters | 18,086,455 voters |
| Total votes cast | 13,452,016 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 74.376 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 13,354,305 votes (99.273 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 97,711 votes (0.726 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2012) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) | Wu Den-yih 吳敦義 (b. 1948) | KMT |
| Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) | Su Jia-chyuan 蘇嘉全 (b. 1956) | DPP |
| James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | Lin Ruey-shiung 林瑞雄 (b. 1939) | PFP |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ma–Wu | 6,891,139 | 51.602 % | |
| Tsai–Su | 6,093,578 | 45.630 % | |
| Soong–Lin | 369,588 | 2.767 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 797,561 votes (5.972 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2016
Term for the election in Chinese: shisiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十四任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Jan. 16, 2016 |
| Eligible voters | 18,782,991 voters |
| Total votes cast | 12,448,302 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 66.274 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 12,284,970 votes (98.687 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 163,332 votes (1.312 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2016) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Eric Chu 朱立倫 (b. 1961) | Jennifer Wang Ju-hsuan 王如玄 (b. 1961) | KMT / Ind. |
| Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) | Chen Chien-jen 陳建仁 (b. 1951) | DPP / Ind. |
| James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | Hsu Hsin-ying 徐欣瑩 (b. 1972) | PFP / MKT |
The KMT had initially nominated Hung Hsiu-chu 洪秀柱 (b. 1948) as presidential candidate on July 19, 2015 but replaced her with Eric Chu on Oct. 17, 2015.
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tsai–Chen | 6,894,744 | 56.123 % | |
| Chu–Wang | 3,813,365 | 31.040 % | |
| Soong–Hsu | 1,576,861 | 12.835 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 3,081,379 votes (25.082 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2020
Term for the election in Chinese: shiwuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十五任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Jan. 11, 2020 |
| Eligible voters | 19,311,105 voters |
| Total votes cast | 14,464,571 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 74.902 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 14,300,940 votes (98.868 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 163,631 votes (1.131 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2020) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) | William Lai Ching-te 賴清德 (b. 1959) | DPP |
| Daniel Han Kuo-yu 韓國瑜 (b. 1957) | Simon Chang San-cheng 張善政 (b. 1954) | KMT / Ind. |
| James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | Sandra Yu 余湘 (b. 1959) | PFP / Ind. |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tsai–Lai | 8,170,231 | 57.130 % | |
| Han–Chang | 5,522,119 | 38.613 % | |
| Soong–Yu | 608,590 | 4.255 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 2,648,112 votes (18.517 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016 2020
2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Presidential Election 2024
Term for the election in Chinese: shiliuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十六任總統副總統選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Jan. 13, 2024 |
| Eligible voters | 19,548,531 voters |
| Total votes cast | 14,048,310 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 71.863 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 13,947,506 votes (99.282 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 100,804 votes (0.717 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates
| Candidate for ROC President (2024) |
Running Mate | Political Party Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Lai Ching-te 賴清德 (b. 1959) | Hsiao Bi-khim 蕭美琴 (b. 1971) | DPP |
| Hou Yu-ih 侯友宜 (b. 1957) | Jaw Shau-kong 趙少康 (b. 1950) | KMT |
| Ko Wen-je 柯文哲 (b. 1959) | Cynthia Wu 吳欣盈 (b. 1978) | TPP |
Result details
| Presidential Candidates | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lai–Hsiao | 5,586,019 | 40.050 % | |
| Hou–Jaw | 4,671,021 | 33.490 % | |
| Ko–Wu | 3,690,466 | 26.459 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 914,998 votes (6.560 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all ROC direct presidential elections
1996 2000
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996
Elections of ROC Presidents by the National Assembly 1948–1990
| Period | Date | Elected Presidential Candidate | Votes Received (%) | Total Votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1948, April 19 | Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (1887-1975, Zhejiang) |
2,430 (89.866 %) | 2,704 |
| 2 | 1954, March 22 | Chiang Kai-shek | 1,507 (95.804 %) | 1,573 |
| 3 | 1960, March 21 | Chiang Kai-shek | 1,481 (93.972 %) | 1,576 |
| 4 | 1966, March 21 | Chiang Kai-shek | 1,405 (94.422 %) | 1,488 |
| 5 | 1972, March 21 | Chiang Kai-shek | 1,308 (95.196 %) | 1,374 |
| 6 | 1978, March 21 | Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 (1910-1988, Zhejiang) |
1,184 (94.871 %) | 1,248 |
| 7 | 1984, March 21 | Chiang Ching-kuo | 1,012 (95.112 %) | 1,064 |
| 8 | 1990, March 21 | Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (1923-2020, Taiwan) |
641 (95.958 %) | 668 |
Other presidential candidates
1948—Chu Chen 居正 (1876-1951, Hubei), received 269 votes (9.948 %)
1954—Hsu Fu-lin 徐傅霖 (1878-1958, Guangdong), received 48 votes (3.051 %)
Elections of ROC VPs by the National Assembly 1948–1990
| Period | Date | Elected VP Candidate | Votes Received (%) | Total Votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1948, April 29 | Li Tsung-jen 李宗仁 (1891-1969, Guangxi) |
1,438 (53.180 %) | 2,704 |
| 2 | 1954, March 23 | Chen Cheng 陳誠 (1898-1965, Zhejiang) |
1,417 (90.082 %) | 1,573 |
| 3 | 1960, March 22 | Chen Cheng | 1,381 (87.626 %) | 1,576 |
| 4 | 1966, March 22 | Yen Chia-kan 嚴家淦 (1905-1993, Jiangsu) |
782 (52.553 %) | 1,488 |
| 5 | 1972, March 22 | Yen Chia-kan | 1,095 (79.694 %) | 1,374 |
| 6 | 1978, March 22 | Shieh Tung-min 謝東閔 (1907-2001, Taiwan) |
941 (75.400 %) | 1,248 |
| 7 | 1984, March 22 | Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 | 873 (82.048 %) | 1,064 |
| 8 | 1990, March 22 | Li Yuan-zu 李元簇 (1923-2017, Hunan) |
602 (90.119 %) | 668 |
Other VP candidates
1948—Sun Fo 孫科 (1891-1973, Guangdong), received 1295 votes (48.892 %); 4 more VP candidates: Cheng Chien 程潛 (1882-1968, Hunan), Yu Yu-jen 于右任 (1879-1964, Shaanxi), Mo Teh-hui 莫德惠 (1883-1968, Kirin), and Hsu Fu-lin 徐傅霖 (1878-1958, Guangdong). Li Tsung-jen was finally elected ROC VP on the 4th ballot
1954—Shih Chih-chuan 石志泉 (1886-1960, Hubei), received 109 votes (6.929 %)
Note: Chiang Kai-shek's first election to ROC president by the National Assembly in 1948 took place in Nanjing which was evacuated in April 1949. Between April and October 1949 Guangzhou served as the provisional capital; in December 1949 the ROC government moved to Taipei where all subsequent elections of the ROC president by the National Assembly took place.
TOP HOME [◆ Presidential elections]
===== ===== ===== ===== =====
◆ Parliamentary elections since 1991
- Second National Assembly (1991)
- Second Legislative Yuan (1992)
- Third Legislative Yuan (1995)
- Third National Assembly (1996)
- Fourth Legislative Yuan (1998)
- Fifth Legislative Yuan (2001)
- Sixth Legislative Yuan (2004)
- Ad Hoc-National Assembly (2005)
- Seventh Legislative Yuan (2008)
- Eighth Legislative Yuan (2012)
- Ninth Legislative Yuan (2016)
- Tenth Legislative Yuan (2020)
- Eleventh Legislative Yuan (2024)
++++++++++ TOP HOME [next chapter] [previous chapter] ++++++++++
The history of parliamentarism in the ROC reflects the political development of the country. The legislative body in today's ROC is the Legislative Yuan, which was established in 1928. Between the 1940s and 2005, there also was a National Assembly (NA) which had the function of electing the president, and its first general elections took place in 1947. When the Chinese civil war ended, the mainland was under Communist control, and the ROC could not hold elections for either the Legislative Yuan or the NA, so it was decreed that their members would stay in office until new elections could be held on the mainland. Members who had been elected on the mainland were not replaced after their death, but the number of seats for Taiwanese delegates was gradually increased.
After martial law was lifted in 1987 and the "Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion" were abolished in 1991, a completely new National Assembly was finally elected in 1991. Likewise, the veteran members of the Legislative Yuan were forced to retire at the end of 1991 after more than four decades in office, and general elections were held on the territory effectively controlled by the ROC in 1992.
Further constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the NA, most notably when the authority to elect the ROC president was removed. The NA was subsequently transformed into a non-standing body, its delegates were nominated by political parties on the basis of proportional representation, and most of its functions were transferred to the Legislative Yuan. A last election for an Ad Hoc-NA took place in 2005, and after the latest constitutional revisions took effect a month later, the NA ceased to exist altogether, rendering its power to ratify constitutional amendments and territory changes to the public through referendums.
The following lists and tables show democratic parliamentary elections in the ROC on the central level which took place after the constitutional reforms in the early 1990s. (Source: Central Election Commission/CEC)
TOP HOME [◆ Parliamentary elections]
————————————————————
Second National Assembly [325 seats]
Term for the election in Chinese: dierjie guomin dahui xuanju 第二屆國民大會選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 21, 1991 |
| Eligible voters | 13,083,106 voters |
| Total votes cast | 8,938,622 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 68.321 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,758,879 votes (97.989 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 179,743 votes (2.010 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 6,053,366 | 69.111 % | 254 |
| DPP | 2,036,271 | 23.248 % | 66 |
| Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union |
193,234 | 2.206 % | 3 |
| Independent | 253,032 | 2.888 % | 2 |
| Others | 222,976 | 2.545 % | 0 |
The following 14 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—China Democratic Constitutional Party, China Democratic Socialist Party, China Great Harmony Democratic Party, China Justice Party, China National Welfare Party, China Old Veterans Unification Party, China Renaissance Party, Chinese Republican Party, China Social Democratic Party, Labor Party, National Revival Party, Peasant Party, Workers' Party, and Young China Party.
Note: When the ROC Second National Assembly convened on March 20, 1992, besides the 325 elected members (225 regional deputies, 80 nationwide deputies, 20 overseas Chinese deputies) 78 additional deputies (zeng'e guodai 增額國代)—64 KMT, 9 DPP, 1 Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, 1 Young China Party, 3 Independent—elected through a 1986 additional election also participated; the 78 additional deputies' six-year term expired on Jan. 31, 1993.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC National Assembly since 1991
1991 1996
2005
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Second Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: dierjie lifayuan xuanju 第二屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 19, 1992 |
| Eligible voters | 13,421,170 voters |
| Total votes cast | 9,666,020 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 72.020 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 9,489,305 votes (98.171 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 176,715 votes (1.828 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 5,741,462 | 60.504 % | 102 |
| DPP | 3,022,833 | 31.855 % | 51 |
| Chinese Social Democratic Party |
126,213 | 1.330 % | 1 |
| Independent | 542,714 | 5.719 % | 7 |
| Others | 56,083 | 0.591 % | 0 |
The following 11 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—China Democratic Socialist Party, China Great Harmony Democratic Party, China Justice Party, China National Welfare Party, China People's Action Party, China Solidarity Party, Labor Party, National Revival Party, Truth Party, Workers' Party, and Young China Party.
The Second Legislative Yuan had a total of 161 members—119 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 30 national representatives, and 6 overseas Chinese representatives.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Third Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: disanjie lifayuan xuanju 第三屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 3, 1995 |
| Eligible voters | 14,153,420 voters |
| Total votes cast | 9,574,388 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 67.647 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 9,442,136 votes (98.618 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 132,252 votes (1.381 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 4,349,089 | 46.060 % | 85 |
| DPP | 3,132,156 | 33.172 % | 54 |
| NP | 1,222,931 | 12.951 % | 21 |
| Independent | 729,987 | 7.731 % | 4 |
| Others | 7,973 | 0.084 % | 0 |
The following 4 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Civil Party, Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, and Labor Party.
The Third Legislative Yuan had a total of 164 members—122 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 30 national representatives, and 6 overseas Chinese representatives.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Third National Assembly [334 seats]
Term for the election in Chinese: disanjie guomin dahui xuanju 第三屆國民大會選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | March 23, 1996 |
| Eligible voters | 14,130,084 voters |
| Total votes cast | 10,769,224 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 76.214 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,428,388 votes (96.835 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 340,836 votes (3.164 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 5,180,829 | 49.680 % | 183 |
| DPP | 3,112,736 | 29.848 % | 99 |
| NP | 1,425,896 | 13.673 % | 46 |
| Green Party Taiwan | 113,942 | 1.092 % | 1 |
| Independent | 572,961 | 5.494 % | 5 |
| Others | 22,024 | 0.211 % | 0 |
The following 4 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats in the Third National Assembly—Advance Party, Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Labor Party, and Young China Party.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC National Assembly since 1991
1991 1996
2005
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Fourth Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: disijie lifayuan xuanju 第四屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 5, 1998 |
| Eligible voters | 14,961,930 voters |
| Total votes cast | 10,188,302 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 68.094 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,035,829 votes (98.503 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 152,473 votes (1.496 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 4,659,679 | 46.430 % | 123 |
| DPP | 2,966,834 | 29.562 % | 70 |
| NP | 708,465 | 7.059 % | 11 |
| Democratic Union of Taiwan | 375,118 | 3.737 % | 4 |
| Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union |
66,033 | 0.657 % | 3 |
| New Nation Alliance | 157,826 | 1.572 % | 1 |
| TAIP | 145,118 | 1.445 % | 1 |
| Independent | 946,431 | 9.430 % | 12 |
| Others | 10,325 | 0.102 % | 0 |
The following 4 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Green Party Taiwan, National Democratic Party, and Young China Party
The Fourth Legislative Yuan had a total of 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41 national representatives, and 8 overseas Chinese representatives.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Fifth Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: diwujie lifayuan xuanju 第五屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 1, 2001 |
| Eligible voters | 15,822,583 voters |
| Total votes cast | 10,469,005 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 66.164 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,327,855 votes (98.651 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 141,150 votes (1.348 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 3,447,740 | 33.382 % | 87 |
| KMT | 2,949,371 | 28.557 % | 68 |
| PFP | 1,917,836 | 18.569 % | 46 |
| TSU | 801,560 | 7.761 % | 13 |
| NP | 269,620 | 2.610 % | 1 |
| Taiwan Number One Party | 12,917 | 0.125 % | 1 |
| Independent | 899,254 | 8.707 % | 9 |
| Others | 29,557 | 0.286 % | 0 |
The following 6 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Chinese Taiwan Aborigines Party, Greater China Unification Front, Green Party Taiwan, Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, Taiwan Intelligence Action Volunteers Party, and TAIP.
The Fifth Legislative Yuan had a total of 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41 national representatives, and 8 overseas Chinese representatives.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Sixth Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: diliujie lifayuan xuanju 第六屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 11, 2004 |
| Eligible voters | 16,559,254 voters |
| Total votes cast | 9,796,299 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 59.159 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 9,717,359 votes (99.194 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 78,940 votes (0.805 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 3,471,429 | 35.723 % | 89 |
| KMT | 3,190,081 | 32.828 % | 79 |
| PFP | 1,350,613 | 13.898 % | 34 |
| TSU | 756,712 | 7.787 % | 12 |
| NPSU | 353,164 | 3.634 % | 6 |
| NP | 12,137 | 0.124 % | 1 |
| Independent | 577,292 | 5.940 % | 4 |
| Others | 5,931 | 0.061 % | 0 |
The following 3 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Civil Service Alliance, Taiwan Intelligence Action Volunteers Party, and TAIP.
The Sixth Legislative Yuan had a total of 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41 national representatives, and 8 overseas Chinese representatives.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Ad Hoc-National Assembly
Term for the election in Chinese: renwuxing guomin dahui xuanju 任務型國民大會選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | May 14, 2005 |
| Eligible voters | 16,750,867 voters |
| Total votes cast | 3,913,338 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 23.362 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 3,875,598 votes (99.035 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 37,740 votes (0.964 percent of all votes cast) |
Result details
| Political Party (1: supporting constitutional amendment; 2: opposing it) |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DPP | 1,647,791 | 42.517 % | 127 |
| KMT | 1,508,384 | 38.920 % | 117 | |
| Chinese People's Party | 41,940 | 1.082 % | 3 | |
| Peasant Party | 15,516 | 0.400 % | 1 | |
| Civil Party | 8,609 | 0.222 % | 1 | |
| 2 | TSU | 273,147 | 7.047 % | 21 |
| PFP | 236,716 | 6.107 % | 18 | |
| 150 persons union led by Chang Yia-chung 張亞中 |
65,081 | 1.679 % | 5 | |
| NP | 34,253 | 0.883 % | 3 | |
| NPSU | 25,162 | 0.649 % | 2 | |
| TAIP | 11,500 | 0.296 % | 1 | |
| 20 persons union led by Wang Ting-sing 王廷興 |
7,499 | 0.193 % | 1 | |
The 300-member Ad Hoc-National Assembly was elected for the purpose of voting on constitutional amendments. It convened on May 30, 2005 in Taipei, and during its final meeting on June 7, 2005 voted in favour of constitutional amendments passed by the ROC Legislative Yuan the previous August concerning the implementation of a new voting system and the abolishment of the National Assembly.
Note: The political organization led by Chang Yia-chung is also known as Democratic Action Alliance (DAA).
Overview of all general elections for the ROC National Assembly since 1991
1991 1996
2005
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Seventh Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: diqijie lifayuan xuanju 第七屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date: Jan. 12, 2008 |
District r. [1] | Aboriginal r. [2] | 1 + 2 | National r. and overseas Chinese r. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible voters | 16,856,584 | 323,072 | 17,179,656 | 17,288,551 |
| Total votes cast | 9,897,618 | 153,001 | 10,050,619 | 10,076,239 |
| Voter turnout (%) | 58.716 % | 47.358 % | 58.503 % | 58.282 % |
| Valid votes (% of all votes) |
9,740,896 (98.416 %) |
149,880 (97.960 %) |
9,890,776 (98.409 %) |
9,780,573 (97.065 %) |
| Invalid votes (% of all votes) |
156,722 (1.583 %) |
3,121 (2.039 %) |
159,843 (1.590 %) |
295,666 (2.934 %) |
The Seventh Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives. According to constitutional amendments passed by the Fifth Legislative Yuan on Aug. 23, 2004 and confirmed by the Ad Hoc-National Assembly on June 7, 2005, the number of legislators was reduced from 225 to 113 and their terms increased from three to four years. Furthermore, for the election of the Seventh Legislative Yuan, a new electoral system was implemented, introducing a "single-member district, two-ballot" system (danyi xuanqu liangpiaozhi 單一選區兩票制) which replaced the electoral system of multi-member districts and a single vote. For the national and overseas Chinese representatives ("legislator-at-large seats"), a five-percent threshold was imposed.
• District representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (73 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 5,209,237 | 53.478 % | 57 |
| DPP | 3,765,222 | 38.653 % | 13 |
| NPSU | 219,305 | 2.251 % | 2 |
| Independent | 382,684 | 3.928 % | 1 |
| Others (incl. PFP) | 164,448 | 1.688 % | 0 |
• Aboriginal representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (6 seats)
Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 156,052; total votes cast 66,908 (turnout 42.875 %); valid votes 65,522 (97.928 % of total); invalid votes 1,386 (2.071 % of total).
Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 167,020; total votes cast 86,093 (turnout 51.546 %); valid votes 84,358 (97.984 % of total); invalid votes 1,735 (2.015 % of total).
| Political Party |
Plains Aborigines | Mountain Aborigines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Percent | Seats | Votes | Percent | Seats | |
| KMT | 37,225 | 56.812 % | 2 | 45,050 | 53.403 % | 2 |
| PFP | 11,925 | 18.199 % | 1 | 14,265 | 16.910 % | 0 |
| NPSU | — | — | 0 | 20,012 | 23.722 % | 1 |
| Ind./Others (incl. DPP) | 16,372 | 24.987 % | 0 | 5,031 | 5.963 % | 0 |
Aborigines combined—KMT 82,275 (54.893 %, 4 seats); PFP 26,190 (17.473 %, 1 seat); NPSU 20,012 (13.352 %, 1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 21,403 (14.280 %, 0 seats).
• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (34 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 5,010,801 | 51.232 % | 20 |
| DPP | 3,610,106 | 36.910 % | 14 |
| Others (incl. PFP, NPSU etc.) | 1,159,666 | 11.856 % | 0 |
Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, only two parties—the KMT and the DPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 81 KMT, 27 DPP, 3 NPSU, 1 PFP, 1 Independent, giving the KMT more than a two-thirds majority.
The following 13 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Civil Party, Dadao Compassion Jishih Party, Democratic Freedom Party, Green Party Taiwan, Hakka Party, Home Party, National Loyalty Party, NP, Taiwan Constitution Association, Taiwan Farmers' Party, Taiwan World Peace Party, Third Society Party, and TSU.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Eighth Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: dibajie lifayuan xuanju 第八屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date: Jan. 14, 2012 |
District r. [1] | Aboriginal r. [2] | 1 + 2 | National r. and overseas Chinese r. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible voters | 17,625,632 | 354,946 | 17,980,578 | 18,090,295 |
| Total votes cast | 13,170,281 | 220,045 | 13,390,326 | 13,445,691 |
| Voter turnout (%) | 74.722 % | 61.993 % | 74.471 % | 74.325 % |
| Valid votes (% of all votes) |
12,943,139 (98.275 %) |
214,843 (97.635 %) |
13,157,982 (98.264 %) |
13,162,072 (97.890 %) |
| Invalid votes (% of all votes) |
227,142 (1.724 %) |
5,202 (2.364 %) |
232,344 (1.735 %) |
283,619 (2.109 %) |
The Eighth Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.
• District representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (73 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 6,228,613 | 48.122 % | 44 |
| DPP | 5,753,218 | 44.449 % | 27 |
| NPSU | 139,341 | 1.076 % | 1 |
| Independent | 498,820 | 3.853 % | 1 |
| Others (incl. PFP, TSU) | 323,147 | 2.496 % | 0 |
• Aboriginal representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (6 seats)
Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 171,548; total votes cast 100,671 (turnout 58.683 %); valid votes 98,131 (97.476 % of total); invalid votes 2,540 (2.523 % of total).
Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 183,398; total votes cast 119,374 (turnout 65.090 %); valid votes 116,712 (97.770 % of total); invalid votes 2,662 (2.229 % of total).
| Political Party |
Plains Aborigines | Mountain Aborigines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Percent | Seats | Votes | Percent | Seats | |
| KMT | 50,478 | 51.439 % | 2 | 60,210 | 51.588 % | 2 |
| PFP | 13,992 | 14.258 % | 1 | 15,533 | 13.308 % | 0 |
| NPSU | — | — | 0 | 29,520 | 25.293 % | 1 |
| Ind./Others (incl. DPP) | 33,661 | 34.302 % | 0 | 11,449 | 9.809 % | 0 |
Aborigines combined—KMT 110,688 (51.520 %, 4 seats); PFP 29,525 (13.742 %, 1 seat); NPSU 29,520 (13.740 %, 1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 45,110 (20.996 %, 0 seats).
• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 5,863,279 | 44.546 % | 16 |
| DPP | 4,556,424 | 34.617 % | 13 |
| TSU | 1,178,797 | 8.956 % | 3 |
| PFP | 722,089 | 5.486 % | 2 |
| Others (incl. NP etc.) | 841,483 | 6.393 % | 0 |
Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the KMT, the DPP, the TSU and the PFP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 64 KMT, 40 DPP, 3 PFP, 3 TSU, 2 NPSU, 1 Independent.
The following 10 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—Green Party Taiwan, NHSA, NP, People's Democratic Front, People Party, R.O.C. The Basic Laws of Taiwan Corporation, Taiwan Global Commercial Party, Taiwan Ideology Party, Taiwan National Congress, and Zheng Party.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
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Ninth Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: dijiujie lifayuan xuanju 第九屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date: Jan. 16, 2016 |
District r. [1] | Aboriginal r. [2] | 1 + 2 | National r. and overseas Chinese r. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible voters | 18,305,112 | 387,105 | 18,692,217 | 18,786,940 |
| Total votes cast | 12,187,924 | 212,102 | 12,400,026 | 12,447,036 |
| Voter turnout (%) | 66.582 % | 54.791 % | 66.337 % | 66.253 % |
| Valid votes (% of all votes) |
11,941,091 (97.974 %) |
207,572 (97.864 %) |
12,148,663 (97.972 %) |
12,190,139 (97.936 %) |
| Invalid votes (% of all votes) |
246,833 (2.025 %) |
4,530 (2.135 %) |
251,363 (2.027 %) |
256,897 (2.063 %) |
The Ninth Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.
• District representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (73 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 5,382,949 | 45.07920 % | 49 |
| KMT | 4,622,756 | 38.71301 % | 20 |
| NPP | 351,244 | 2.94147 % | 3 |
| Independent | 649,371 | 5.43812 % | 1 |
| Others (incl. PFP, TSU, NP) | 934,771 | 7.82818 % | 0 |
• Aboriginal representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (6 seats)
Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 187,076; total votes cast 96,761 (turnout 51.722 %); valid votes 94,607 (97.773 % of total); invalid votes 2,154 (2.226 % of total).
Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 200,029; total votes cast 115,341 (turnout 57.662 %); valid votes 112,965 (97.940 % of total); invalid votes 2,376 (2.059 % of total).
| Political Party |
Plains Aborigines | Mountain Aborigines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Percent | Seats | Votes | Percent | Seats | |
| KMT | 55,565 | 58.732 % | 2 | 46,045 | 40.760 % | 2 |
| DPP | 17,052 | 18.024 % | 1 | 16,658 | 14.746 % | 0 |
| NPSU | — | — | 0 | 27,690 | 24.512 % | 1 |
| Ind./Others | 21,990 | 23.243 % | 0 | 22,572 | 19.981 % | 0 |
Aborigines combined—KMT 101,610 (48.951 %, 4 seats); DPP 33,710 (16.240 %, 1 seat); NPSU 27,690 (13.339 %, 1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. PFP, MKT) 44,562 (21.468 %, 0 seats).
• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 5,370,953 | 44.0598 % | 18 |
| KMT | 3,280,949 | 26.9147 % | 11 |
| PFP | 794,838 | 6.5203 % | 3 |
| NPP | 744,315 | 6.1058 % | 2 |
| Others (incl. NP, TSU etc.) | 1,999,084 | 16.3991 % | 0 |
Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the DPP, the KMT, the PFP and the NPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 68 DPP, 35 KMT, 5 NPP, 3 PFP, 1 NPSU, 1 Independent.
The following 19 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—China Production Party, Constitutional Conventions of Taiwan, FHL, Free Taiwan Party, Green Party Taiwan & Social Democratic Party Alliance, MCFAP, MKT, Motorists' Party of ROC, NHSA, NP, People's Democratic Front, PEUP, PPUP, Social Welfare Party, Taiwan First Nations Party, Taiwan Independence Party, Taiwan Labor Party, Taiwan Win Party, Trees Party, TSU, and Unionist Party.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Parliamentary elections]
Tenth Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: dishijie lifayuan xuanju 第十屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date: Jan. 11, 2020 |
District r. [1] | Aboriginal r. [2] | 1 + 2 | National r. and overseas Chinese r. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible voters | 18,806,913 | 414,948 | 19,221,861 | 19,312,105 |
| Total votes cast | 14,129,999 | 272,076 | 14,402,075 | 14,456,293 |
| Voter turnout (%) | 75.1319 % | 65.568 % | 74.925 % | 74.856 % |
| Valid votes (% of all votes) |
13,885,428 (98.269 %) |
266,604 (97.988 %) |
14,152,032 (98.2638 %) |
14,160,138 (97.951 %) |
| Invalid votes (% of all votes) |
244,571 (1.7308 %) |
5,472 (2.011 %) |
250,043 (1.736 %) |
296,155 (2.048 %) |
The Tenth Legislative Yuan had a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.
• District representatives in the Tenth Legislative Yuan (73 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 6,332,168 | 45.6029 % | 46 |
| KMT | 5,633,749 | 40.5731 % | 22 |
| Taiwan Statebuilding Party | 141,503 | 1.0190 % | 1 |
| Independent | 1,013,347 | 7.2979 % | 4 |
| Others (incl. TPP, PFP) | 764,661 | 5.5069 % | 0 |
• Aboriginal representatives in the Tenth Legislative Yuan (6 seats)
Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 199,833; total votes cast 124,504 (turnout 62.304 %); valid votes 121,880 (97.8924 % of total); invalid votes 2,624 (2.1075 % of total).
Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 215,115; total votes cast 147,572 (turnout 68.601 %); valid votes 144,724 (98.070 % of total); invalid votes 2,848 (1.929 % of total).
| Political Party |
Plains Aborigines | Mountain Aborigines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Percent | Seats | Votes | Percent | Seats | |
| KMT | 78,153 | 64.122 % | 2 | 50,093 | 34.612 % | 1 |
| DPP | 25,843 | 21.203 % | 1 | 25,772 | 17.807 % | 1 |
| Independent | 7,604 | 6.238 % | 0 | 65,512 | 45.266 % | 1 |
| Others | 10,280 | 8.434 % | 0 | 3,347 | 2.312 % | 0 |
Aborigines combined—KMT 128,246 (48.103 %, 3 seats); DPP 51,615 (19.360 %, 2 seats); Ind. 73,116 (27.425 %, 1 seat); Others (incl. United Action Alliance, Formosa Alliance, Green Party, Stabilizing Force Party etc.) 13,627 (5.111 %, 0 seats).
• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Tenth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 4,811,241 | 33.9774 % | 13 |
| KMT | 4,723,504 | 33.3578 % | 13 |
| TPP | 1,588,806 | 11.2203 % | 5 |
| NPP | 1,098,100 | 7.7549 % | 3 |
| Others (incl. PFP, Green Party etc.) | 1,938,487 | 13.6897 % | 0 |
Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the DPP, the KMT, the TPP and the NPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 62 DPP, 38 KMT, 5 TPP, 3 NPP, 1 Taiwan Statebuilding Party, 4 Independent.
The following 14 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—PFP, TSU, NP, Green Party, Unionist Party, Labor Party, TAPA, Taiwan Renewal Party, Sovereign State for Formosa & Pescadores Party, Formosa Alliance, IFU, United Action Alliance, Stabilizing Force Party, and CPA.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016 2020
2024
TOP HOME [◆ Parliamentary elections]
Eleventh Legislative Yuan
Term for the election in Chinese: dishiyijie lifayuan xuanju 第十一屆立法院選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date: Jan. 13, 2024 |
District r. [1] | Aboriginal r. [2] | 1 + 2 | National r. and overseas Chinese r. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible voters | 19,030,770 | 438,200 | 19,468,970 | 19,566,007 |
| Total votes cast | 13,717,881 | 269,093 | 13,986,974 | 14,044,042 |
| Voter turnout (%) | 72.082 % | 61.408 % | 71.842 % | 71.777 % |
| Valid votes (% of all votes) |
13,363,780 (97.418 %) |
263,277 (97.838 %) |
13,627,057 (97.426 %) |
13,776,736 (98.096 %) |
| Invalid votes (% of all votes) |
354,101 (2.581 %) |
5,816 (2.161 %) |
359,917 (2.573 %) |
267,306 (1.903 %) |
The Eleventh Legislative Yuan has a total of 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34 national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.
• District representatives in the Eleventh Legislative Yuan (73 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 6,034,589 | 45.156 % | 36 |
| KMT | 5,427,661 | 40.614 % | 36 |
| Independent | 985,283 | 7.372 % | 1 |
| Others (incl. TPP, PFP) | 916,247 | 6.856 % | 0 |
• Aboriginal representatives in the Eleventh Legislative Yuan (6 seats)
Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 210,036; total votes cast 122,343 (turnout 58.248 %); valid votes 119,063 (97.319 % of total); invalid votes 3,280 (2.680 % of total).
Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 228,164; total votes cast 146,750 (turnout 64.317 %); valid votes 144,214 (98.271 % of total); invalid votes 2,536 (1.728 % of total).
| Political Party |
Plains Aborigines | Mountain Aborigines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Percent | Seats | Votes | Percent | Seats | |
| KMT | 65,329 | 54.869 % | 2 | 43,588 | 30.224 % | 1 |
| DPP | 27,431 | 23.039 % | 1 | 31,874 | 22.101 % | 1 |
| Independent | 24,385 | 20.480 % | 0 | 62,258 | 43.170 % | 1 |
| Others | 1,918 | 1.610 % | 0 | 6,494 | 4.503 % | 0 |
Aborigines combined—KMT 108,917 (41.369 %, 3 seats); DPP 59,305 (22.525 %, 2 seats); Ind. 86,643 (32.909 %, 1 seat); Others (incl. TPP, NP etc.) 8,412 (3.195 %, 0 seats).
• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Eleventh Legislative Yuan (34 seats)
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPP | 4,981,060 | 36.1555 % | 13 |
| KMT | 4,764,293 | 34.5821 % | 13 |
| TPP | 3,040,334 | 22.0686 % | 8 |
| Others (incl. NPP etc.) | 991,049 | 7.1936 % | 0 |
Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, three parties—the DPP, the KMT and the TPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was 51 DPP, 52 KMT, 8 TPP, 2 Independent.
The following 13 political parties also participated in the election but failed to win any seats—NPP, PFP, TSU, NP, Taiwan Statebuilding Party, Green Party Taiwan, Unionist Party; Taiwan Obasang Political Equality Party, MiLinguall Party, Judicial Reform Party, Institutional Island of Saving the World, People Union Party, and Taiwan Renewal Party.
Overview of all general elections for the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992
1992 1995
1998 2001
2004 2008
2012 2016
2020 2024
TOP HOME [◆ Parliamentary elections]
===== ===== ===== ===== =====
◆ Provincial elections
- Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1989)
- Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan (1994)
- Taiwan Provincial Governor (1994)
The history of the ROC's Taiwan provincial administration, including the Taiwan Provincial Assembly (Taiwan sheng yihui 台灣省議會, abbrev. TPA), is outlined here.
++++++++++ TOP HOME [next chapter] [previous chapter] ++++++++++
Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan [77 seats]
Term for the election in Chinese: dijiujie Taiwan sheng yiyuan xuanju 第 9 屆台灣省議員選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 2, 1989 |
| Eligible voters | 9,964,303 voters |
| Total votes cast | 7,561,562 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 75.886 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 7,301,076 votes (96.555 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 260,486 votes (3.444 percent of all votes cast) |
Parties and Results
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | N/A | 62.10 % | 54 |
| DPP | N/A | 25.60 % | 16 |
| Independent/others | N/A | 12.30 % | 7 |
TOP HOME [◆ Provincial elections]
Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan [79 seats]
Term for the election in Chinese: dishijie Taiwan sheng yiyuan xuanju 第 10 屆台灣省議員選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 3, 1994 |
| Eligible voters | 11,111,460 voters |
| Total votes cast | 8,480,041 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 76.317 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,278,011 votes (97.617 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 202,030 votes (2.382 percent of all votes cast) |
Parties and Results
| Political Party | Valid Votes Received | Percent of Valid Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMT | 4,223,995 | 51.026 % | 48 |
| DPP | 2,693,353 | 32.536 % | 23 |
| NP | 309,648 | 3.740 % | 2 |
| Independent | 1,051,015 | 12.696 % | 6 |
TOP HOME [◆ Provincial elections]
Taiwan Provincial Governor
Term for the election in Chinese: diyijie Taiwan shengzhang xuanju 第 1 屆台灣省長選舉
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 3, 1994 |
| Eligible voters | 11,184,258 voters |
| Total votes cast | 8,517,124 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 76.152 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,405,930 votes (98.694 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 111,194 votes (1.305 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Candidate for Taiwan Provincial Governor (1994) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | KMT | 4,726,012 | 56.222 % | |
| Chen Ding-nan 陳定南 (1943-2006) | DPP | 3,254,887 | 38.721 % | |
| Ju Gau-jeng 朱高正 (1954-2021) | NP | 362,377 | 4.310 % | |
| Tsai Cheng-chih 蔡正治 (b. 1943) | Ind. | 37,256 | 0.443 % | |
| Wu Tzu 吳梓 (b. 1939) | Ind. | 25,398 | 0.302 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 1,471,125 votes (17.501 percent of valid votes)
For more information about Taiwan's provincial administration click here.
TOP HOME [◆ Provincial elections]
===== ===== ===== ===== =====
◆ Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994
++++++++++ TOP HOME [next chapter] [previous chapter] ++++++++++
In the local politics of Taiwan ROC, special municipalities are of major significance, and the mayor of a special municipality is regarded as a political heavyweight. The first special municipality in Taiwan was Taipei which was elevated to that status in 1967, followed by Kaohsiung in 1979. In December 2010, the number of special municipalities in Taiwan ROC rose to five—Taipei County was upgraded and renamed "New Taipei City", Taichung City and Taichung County were merged and upgraded, likewise Tainan City and Tainan County, and Kaohsiung County was included into Kaohsiung Special Municipality. Taoyuan became the sixth special municipality in December 2014. The mayors of Taipei and Kaohsiung have been directly elected since 1994.
Please note that in addition to the Central Election Commission of the ROC, each county and city has its own election commission, the respective commissions of the six special municipalities are listed below. (Their URLs lead to Chinese-language websites, no English version available.)
• Taipei City Election Commission
• Kaohsiung City Election Commission
• New Taipei City Election Commission
• Taoyuan City Election Commission
• Taichung City Election Commission
• Tainan City Election Commission
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
————————————————————
Taipei 1994
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 3, 1994 |
| Eligible voters | 1,816,986 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,426,852 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 78.528 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,408,554 votes (98.717 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 18,298 votes (1.282 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (1994) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 (b. 1950) | DPP | 615,090 | 43.668 % | |
| Jaw Shau-kong 趙少康 (b. 1950) | NP | 424,905 | 30.166 % | |
| Huang Ta-chou 黃大洲 (b. 1936) | KMT | 364,618 | 25.885 % | |
| Jih Rong-ze 紀榮治 (b. 1944) | Ind. | 3,941 | 0.279 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 190,185 votes (13.502 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 1994
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 3, 1994 |
| Eligible voters | 926,318 voters |
| Total votes cast | 746,469 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 80.584 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 735,886 votes (98.582 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 10,583 votes (1.417 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (1994) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu Den-yih 吳敦義 (b. 1948) | KMT | 400,766 | 54.460 % | |
| Chang Chun-hsiung 張俊雄 (b. 1938) | DPP | 289,110 | 39.287 % | |
| Tang A-ken 湯阿根 (b. 1936) | NP | 25,413 | 3.453 % | |
| Shih Chung-hsiang 施鐘響 (b. 1937) | Ind. | 13,084 | 1.777 % | |
| Cheng Te-yiao 鄭德耀 (b. 1951) | Ind. | 7,513 | 1.020 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 111,656 votes (15.173 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 1998
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 5, 1998 |
| Eligible voters | 1,868,860 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,511,635 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 80.885 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,498,901 votes (99.157 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 12,734 votes (0.842 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (1998) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) | KMT | 766,377 | 51.129 % | |
| Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 (b. 1950) | DPP | 688,072 | 45.905 % | |
| Wang Chien-shien 王建煊 (b. 1938) | NP | 44,452 | 2.965 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 78,305 votes (5.224 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 1998
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 5, 1998 |
| Eligible voters | 1,004,872 voters |
| Total votes cast | 807,996 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 80.407 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 796,185 votes (98.538 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 11,811 votes (1.461 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (1998) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) | DPP | 387,797 | 48.706 % | |
| Wu Den-yih 吳敦義 (b. 1948) | KMT | 383,232 | 48.133 % | |
| Cheng Te-yiao 鄭德耀 (b. 1951) | Ind. | 18,699 | 2.348 % | |
| Wu Chien-kuo 吳建國 (b. 1950) | NP | 6,457 | 0.810 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 4,565 votes (0.573 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 2002
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 7, 2002 |
| Eligible voters | 1,947,169 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,374,862 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 70.608 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,361,913 votes (99.058 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 12,949 votes (0.941 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (2002) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) | KMT | 873,102 | 64.108 % | |
| Lee Ying-yuan 李應元 (1953-2021) | DPP | 488,811 | 35.891 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 384,291 votes (28.217 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 2002
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 7, 2002 |
| Eligible voters | 1,092,668 voters |
| Total votes cast | 779,911 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 71.376 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 772,157 votes (99.005 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 7,754 votes (0.994 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2002) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) | DPP | 386,384 | 50.039 % | |
| Huang Chun-ying 黃俊英 (1941-2014) | KMT | 361,546 | 46.822 % | |
| Chang Po-ya 張博雅 (b. 1942) | Ind. | 13,479 | 1.745 % | |
| Shih Ming-teh 施明德 (b. 1941) | Ind. | 8,750 | 1.133 % | |
| Huang Tien-sheng 黃天生 (b. 1946) | Ind. | 1,998 | 0.258 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 24,838 votes (3.2167 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 2006
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 9, 2006 |
| Eligible voters | 2,008,434 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,295,790 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 64.517 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,286,089 votes (99.251 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 9,701 votes (0.748 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (2006) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hau Lung-bin 郝龍斌 (b. 1952) | KMT | 692,085 | 53.813 % | |
| Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) | DPP | 525,869 | 40.889 % | |
| James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) | PFP | 53,281 | 4.142 % | |
| Li Ao 李敖 (1935-2018) | Ind. | 7,795 | 0.606 % | |
| Ke Tsi-hai 柯賜海 (b. 1956) | Ind. | 3,687 | 0.286 % | |
| Clara Chou 周玉蔻 (b. 1953) | TSU | 3,372 | 0.262 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 166,216 votes (12.924 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 2006
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Dec. 9, 2006 |
| Eligible voters | 1,140,110 voters |
| Total votes cast | 774,490 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 67.931 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 767,868 votes (99.144 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 6,622 votes (0.855 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2006) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen Chu 陳菊 (b. 1950) | DPP | 379,417 | 49.411 % | |
| Huang Chun-ying 黃俊英 (1941-2014) | KMT | 378,303 | 49.266 % | |
| Lo Chih-ming 羅志明 (b. 1957) | TSU | 6,599 | 0.859 % | |
| Lin Ching-yuan 林景元 (b. 1925) | Ind. | 1,803 | 0.234 % | |
| Roger Lin 林志昇 (1950-2019) | TDA | 1,746 | 0.227 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 1,114 votes (0.145 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 2010
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 27, 2010 |
| Eligible voters | 2,045,925 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,445,370 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 70.646 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,433,736 votes (99.195 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 11,634 votes (0.804 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (2010) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hau Lung-bin 郝龍斌 (b. 1952) | KMT | 797,865 | 55.649 % | |
| Su Tseng-chang 蘇貞昌 (b. 1947) | DPP | 628,129 | 43.810 % | |
| Wu Wu-ming 吳武明 (b. 1957) | Ind. | 3,672 | 0.256 % | |
| Hsiao Shu-hua 蕭淑華 (b. 1961) | Ind. | 2,238 | 0.156 % | |
| Wu Yen-cheng 吳炎成 (b. 1942) | Ind. | 1,832 | 0.127 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 169,736 votes (11.8387 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 2010
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 27, 2010 |
| Eligible voters | 2,166,119 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,570,895 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 72.521 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,555,210 votes (99.001 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 15,685 votes (0.998 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2010) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen Chu 陳菊 (b. 1950) | DPP | 821,089 | 52.796 % | |
| Yang Chiu-hsing 楊秋興 (b. 1956) | Ind. | 414,950 | 26.681 % | |
| Huang Chao-shun 黃昭順 (b. 1953) | KMT | 319,171 | 20.522 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 406,139 votes (26.1147 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
New Taipei City 2010
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 27, 2010 |
| Eligible voters | 3,006,877 voters |
| Total votes cast | 2,142,410 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 71.250 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 2,120,436 votes (98.974 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 21,974 votes (1.025 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| New Taipei City mayor candidate (2010) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eric Chu 朱立倫 (b. 1961) | KMT | 1,115,536 | 52.608 % | |
| Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) | DPP | 1,004,900 | 47.391 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 110,636 votes (5.217 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taichung 2010
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 27, 2010 |
| Eligible voters | 1,977,368 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,446,519 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 73.153 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,428,642 votes (98.764 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 17,877 votes (1.235 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taichung City mayor candidate (2010) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jason Hu 胡志強 (b. 1948) | KMT | 730,284 | 51.117 % | |
| Su Jia-chyuan 蘇嘉全 (b. 1956) | DPP | 698,358 | 48.882 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 31,926 votes (2.2347 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Tainan 2010
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 27, 2010 |
| Eligible voters | 1,467,256 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,041,941 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 71.012 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,026,093 votes (98.478 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 15,848 votes (1.521 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Tainan City mayor candidate (2010) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Lai Ching-te 賴清德 (b. 1959) | DPP | 619,897 | 60.413 % | |
| Kuo Tien-tsai 郭添財 (b. 1962) | KMT | 406,196 | 39.586 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 213,701 votes (20.8266 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 2014
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 29, 2014 |
| Eligible voters | 2,147,213 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,512,724 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 70.450 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,494,046 votes (98.765 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 18,678 votes (1.234 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (2014) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ko Wen-je 柯文哲 (b. 1959) | Ind. | 853,983 | 57.159 % | |
| Sean Lien 連勝文 (b. 1970) | KMT | 609,932 | 40.824 % | |
| Chao Yen-ching 趙衍慶 (b. 1936) | Ind. | 15,898 | 1.064 % | |
| Neil Peng 馮光遠 (b. 1953) | Ind. | 8,080 | 0.540 % | |
| Lee Hung-hsin 李宏信 (b. 1940) | Ind. | 2,621 | 0.175 % | |
| Chen Yung-chang 陳永昌 (b. 1952) | Ind. | 1,908 | 0.127 % | |
| Chen Ju-pin 陳汝斌 (b. 1937) | ❶ | 1,624 | 0.108 % |
❶ = Third Class Citizen Justice Human Rights Self-Help Party (sandeng guomin gongyi renquan zijiudang 三等國民公義人權自救黨)
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 244,051 votes (16.3349 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 2014
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 29, 2014 |
| Eligible voters | 2,231,225 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,482,425 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 66.439 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,458,872 votes (98.411 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 23,553 votes (1.588 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2014) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen Chu 陳菊 (b. 1950) | DPP | 993,300 | 68.086 % | |
| Yang Chiu-hsing 楊秋興 (b. 1956) | KMT | 450,647 | 30.890 % | |
| Chou Ke-sheng 周可盛 (b. 1957) | Ind. | 14,925 | 1.023 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 542,653 votes (37.196 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
New Taipei City 2014
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 29, 2014 |
| Eligible voters | 3,156,402 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,946,063 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 61.654 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,916,283 votes (98.469 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 29,780 votes (1.530 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| New Taipei City mayor candidate (2014) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eric Chu 朱立倫 (b. 1961) | KMT | 959,302 | 50.060 % | |
| Yu Shyi-kun 游錫堃 (b. 1948) | DPP | 934,774 | 48.780 % | |
| Lee Chin-shun 李進順 (b. 1960) | Ind. | 22,207 | 1.158 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 24,528 votes (1.2799 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taoyuan 2014
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 29, 2014 |
| Eligible voters | 1,568,713 voters |
| Total votes cast | 984,099 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 62.732 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 965,490 votes (98.109 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 18,609 votes (1.890 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taoyuan City mayor candidate (2014) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheng Wen-tsang 鄭文燦 (b. 1967) | DPP | 492,414 | 51.001 % | |
| John Wu 吳志揚 (b. 1969) | KMT | 463,133 | 47.968 % | |
| Hsu Jui-chih 許睿智 (b. 1938) | Ind. | 9,943 | 1.029 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 29,281 votes (3.0327 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taoyuan City mayor since 2014
2014 2018
2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taichung 2014
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 29, 2014 |
| Eligible voters | 2,093,689 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,506,023 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 71.931 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,484,815 votes (98.591 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 21,208 votes (1.408 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taichung City mayor candidate (2014) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lin Chia-lung 林佳龍 (b. 1964) | DPP | 847,284 | 57.063 % | |
| Jason Hu 胡志強 (b. 1948) | KMT | 637,531 | 42.936 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 209,753 votes (14.1265 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Tainan 2014
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 29, 2014 |
| Eligible voters | 1,512,778 voters |
| Total votes cast | 996,688 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 65.884 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 976,093 votes (97.933 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 20,595 votes (2.066 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Tainan City mayor candidate (2014) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Lai Ching-te 賴清德 (b. 1959) | DPP | 711,557 | 72.898 % | |
| Huang Hsiu-shuang 黃秀霜 (b. 1961) | KMT | 264,536 | 27.101 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 447,021 votes (45.7969 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 2018
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 24, 2018 |
| Eligible voters | 2,164,155 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,427,225 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 65.948 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,413,870 votes (99.064 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 13,355 votes (0.935 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (2018) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ko Wen-je 柯文哲 (b. 1959) | Ind. | 580,663 | 41.069 % | |
| Ting Shou-chung 丁守中 (b. 1954) | KMT | 577,096 | 40.816 % | |
| Pasuya Yao Wen-chih 姚文智 (b. 1965) | DPP | 244,342 | 17.281 % | |
| Li Hsi-kun 李錫錕 (b. 1947) | Ind. | 6,158 | 0.435 % | |
| Wu E-yang 吳萼洋 (b. 1960) | Ind. | 5,611 | 0.396 % |
※ According to the first vote count which was conducted immediately after the poll stations closed on Nov. 24, 2018, Ko Wen-je defeated Ting Shou-chung with a margin of 3,254 votes (0.2299 percent of valid votes). After a recount was completed, the new results were released on Dec. 13, 2018, with Ko having a slightly increased winning margin of 3,567 votes (0.2522 percent of valid votes).
| Taipei City mayor 2018 election | First count | Recount | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total votes cast | 1,427,643 votes | 1,427,225 votes | – 418 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 65.967 percent | 65.948 percent | – 0.019 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,414,816 votes | 1,413,870 votes | – 946 votes |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 12,827 votes | 13,355 votes | + 528 votes |
| Ko Wen-je (Ind.) | 580,820 votes | 580,663 votes | – 157 votes |
| Ting Shou-chung (KMT) | 577,566 votes | 577,096 votes | – 470 votes |
| Pasuya Yao Wen-chih (DPP) | 244,641 votes | 244,342 votes | – 299 votes |
| Li Hsi-kun (Ind.) | 6,172 votes | 6,158 votes | – 14 votes |
| Wu E-yang (Ind.) | 5,617 votes | 5,611 votes | – 6 votes |
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 2018
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 24, 2018 |
| Eligible voters | 2,281,338 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,677,650 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 73.538 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,656,907 votes (98.763 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 20,743 votes (1.236 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2018) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daniel Han Kuo-yu 韓國瑜 (b. 1957) | KMT | 892,545 | 53.868 % | |
| Chen Chi-mai 陳其邁 (b. 1964) | DPP | 742,239 | 44.796 % | |
| Su Ying-kuei 蘇盈貴 (b. 1958) | Ind. | 14,125 | 0.852 % | |
| Chu Mei-feng 璩美鳳 (b. 1966) | Ind. | 7,998 | 0.482 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 150,306 votes (9.0714 percent of valid votes)
Crime and punishment
Less than a year after assuming office as Kaohsiung mayor on Dec. 25, 2018, Han Kuo-yu on July 15, 2019 accepted the KMT's nomination as candidate for the ROC presidential election held on Jan. 11, 2020 and threw himself into the campaign. After losing the presidential election, a recall vote against the mayor was initiated which took place on June 6, 2020. Han lost that vote and was replaced in a by-election on Aug. 15, 2020 with DPP candidate Chen Chi-mai 陳其邁.
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
New Taipei City 2018
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 24, 2018 |
| Eligible voters | 3,264,128 voters |
| Total votes cast | 2,089,127 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 64.002 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 2,038,822 votes (97.592 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 50,305 votes (2.407 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| New Taipei City mayor candidate (2018) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hou Yu-yi 侯友宜 (b. 1957) | KMT | 1,165,130 | 57.147 % | |
| Su Tseng-chang 蘇貞昌 (b. 1947) | DPP | 873,692 | 42.852 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 291,438 votes (14.2944 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taoyuan 2018
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 24, 2018 |
| Eligible voters | 1,732,591 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,050,527 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 60.633 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,033,149 votes (98.345 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 17,378 votes (1.654 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taoyuan City mayor candidate (2018) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheng Wen-tsang 鄭文燦 (b. 1967) | DPP | 552,330 | 53.460 % | |
| Chen Shei-saint 陳學聖 (b. 1957) | KMT | 407,234 | 39.416 % | |
| Yang Li-huan 楊麗環 (b. 1957) | Ind. | 51,518 | 4.986 % | |
| Chu Mei-hsueh 朱梅雪 (b. 1964) | Ind. | 18,200 | 1.761 % | |
| Wu Fu-tung 吳富彤 (b. 1959) | Ind. | 3,867 | 0.374 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 145,096 votes (14.044 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taoyuan City mayor since 2014
2014 2018
2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taichung 2018
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 24, 2018 |
| Eligible voters | 2,213,789 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,493,365 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 67.457 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,463,770 votes (98.018 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 29,595 votes (1.981 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taichung City mayor candidate (2018) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu Shiow-yen 盧秀燕 (b. 1961) | KMT | 827,996 | 56.565 % | |
| Lin Chia-lung 林佳龍 (b. 1964) | DPP | 619,855 | 42.346 % | |
| Sung Yuan-tung 宋原通 (b. 1959) | Ind. | 15,919 | 1.087 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 208,141 votes (14.219 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Tainan 2018
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 24, 2018 |
| Eligible voters | 1,546,862 voters |
| Total votes cast | 990,204 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 64.013 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 966,670 votes (97.623 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 23,534 votes (2.376 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Tainan City mayor candidate (2018) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huang Wei-che 黃偉哲 (b. 1963) | DPP | 367,518 | 38.018 % | |
| Kao Su-po 高思博 (b. 1968) | KMT | 312,874 | 32.366 % | |
| Chen Yung-ho 陳永和 (b. 1960) | Ind. | 117,179 | 12.121 % | |
| Mark Lin 林義豐 (b. 1948) | Ind. | 84,153 | 8.705 % | |
| Hsu Chun-hsin 許忠信 (b. 1965) | Ind. | 45,168 | 4.672 % | |
| Su Huan-chih 蘇煥智 (b. 1956) | Ind. | 39,778 | 4.114 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 54,644 votes (5.652 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung mayor recall vote 2020
| Recall vote date | June 6, 2020 |
| Eligible voters | 2,299,981 voters |
| Majority threshold | 574,996 votes |
| Total votes cast | 969,259 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 42.142 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 964,141 votes (99.4719 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 5,118 votes (0.528 percent of all votes cast) |
| Agree (tongyi bamian 同意罷免) 👍 | 939,090 votes (97.4017 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree (bu tongyi bamian 不同意罷免) 👎 | 25,051 votes (2.5982 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed, 25 % threshold surpassed); difference between Agree and Disagree votes: 914,039 votes (94.8034 percent of valid votes)
Background and aftermath
The first recall vote against a mayor of a special municipality in the history of the ROC was initiated on Jan. 17, 2020 after a petition to recall Kaohsiung mayor Han Kuo-yu 韓國瑜 cleared the first threshold with 28,560 signatures, exceeding the required 1 percent of the electorate (22,814 signatures). Han had assumed office as mayor on Dec. 25, 2018 after winning the mayoral election, but less than a year in his term he on July 15, 2019 accepted the KMT's nomination as candidate for the ROC presidential election held on Jan. 11, 2020 and threw himself into the campaign. Han lost the presidential election by a wide margin.
On April 7, 2020 the electoral commission of Kaohsiung City verified that 377,662 of approximately 406,000 signatures collected in the second phase of the recall petition were valid, clearing the threshold of 10 percent of the electorate. The Central Election Commission (CEC) certified the validity of collected signatures on April 17 and scheduled a recall vote that would require a quarter of eligible voters casting an "Agree" vote while outnumbering "Disagree" votes to remove mayor Han from office.
Due to the popular mandate to recall mayor Han a mayoral by-election was to be held within 90 days as required by law. Han did not challenge the recall vote result. On June 12, 2020 the CEC certified the result of the recall vote and set Aug. 15, 2020 as the date for the by-election.
Please note that the recall of Mayor Han was facilitated by amendments to the Civil Servants Election and Recall Act (gongzhi renyuan xuanju bamianfa 公職人員選舉罷免法) which were passed by the ROC Legislative Yuan on Nov. 29, 2016 with the support of the ruling DPP and the oppositional People First Party (PFP). The amendments dropped the threshold for recall petitions from 2 percent of voters within the elected official’s constituency to 1 percent, while the number of signatures supporting the proposal was cut from 13 percent to 10 percent. Furthermore, following the amendments the amount of votes supporting the recall now must reach at least a quarter of the original voting population of the constituency, down from half, with at least half voting for the recall.
Lawmakers supporting the 2016 amendments defended the new provisions as they ‘returned the power to recall elected officials to the public after it was previously withheld due to high thresholds’. The New Power Party (NPP) had advocated removing all of the thresholds as it felt that a simple majority would be the best method that represents public opinion, according to NPP legislator-at-large Hsu Yung-ming 徐永明.
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung mayor by-election 2020
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Aug. 15, 2020 |
| Eligible voters | 2,301,597 voters |
| Total votes cast | 962,826 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 41.8329 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 959,242 votes (99.6277 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 3,584 votes (0.3722 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2020) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen Chi-mai 陳其邁 (b. 1964) | DPP | 671,804 | 70.0348 % | |
| Li Mei-jhen 李眉蓁 (b. 1979) | KMT | 248,478 | 25.9035 % | |
| Wu Yi-jheng 吳益政 (b. 1963) | TPP | 38,960 | 4.0615 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 423,326 votes (44.1313 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taipei 2022
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 26, 2022 |
| Eligible voters | 2,026,769 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,372,179 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 67.702 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,360,951 votes (99.181 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 11,228 votes (0.818 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taipei City mayor candidate (2022) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiang Wan-an 蔣萬安 (b. 1978) | KMT | 575,590 | 42.293 % | |
| Chen Shih-chung 陳時中 (b. 1952) | DPP | 434,558 | 31.930 % | |
| Huang Shan-shan 黃珊珊 (b. 1969) | Ind. | 342,141 | 25.139 % | |
| Tung Wen-hsun 童文薰 (b. 1965) | Ind. | 2,425 | 0.178 % | |
| Chang Chia-hao 張家豪 (b. 1985) | ❶ | 2,367 | 0.173 % | |
| Su Huan-chih 蘇煥智 (b. 1956) | ❷ | 1,851 | 0.136 % | |
| Wang Wen-chuan 王文娟 (b. 1963) | Ind. | 451 | 0.033 % | |
| Cheng Kuang-yu 鄭匡宇 (b. 1976) | Ind. | 386 | 0.0283 % | |
| Shih Feng-hsien 施奉先 (b. 1958) | Ind. | 383 | 0.0281 % | |
| Tang Hsin-min 唐新民 (b. 1950) | ❸ | 316 | 0.023 % | |
| Huang Sheng-feng 黃聖峰 (b. 1979) | ❹ | 256 | 0.018 % | |
| Hsieh Li-kang 謝立康 (b. 1970) | Ind. | 227 | 0.016 % |
❶ Taiwan Animal Protection Party (Taiwan dongwu baohudang 台灣動物保護黨)
❷ Taiwan Renewal Party (Taiwan weixin 台灣維新)
❸ Republican Party (gonghedang 共和黨)
❹ Sovereign State for Formosa & Pescadores Party (Tai Peng guojifa fali jianguodang 台澎國際法法理建國黨)
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 141,032 votes (10.362 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taipei City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Kaohsiung 2022
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 26, 2022 |
| Eligible voters | 2,282,623 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,337,819 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 58.6088 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,318,733 votes (98.573 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 19,086 votes (1.426 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Kaohsiung City mayor candidate (2022) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen Chi-mai 陳其邁 (b. 1964) | DPP | 766,147 | 58.097 % | |
| Ko Chih-en 柯志恩 (b. 1962) | KMT | 529,607 | 40.160 % | |
| Tseng Yin-li 曾尹儷 (b. 1963) | Ind. | 14,585 | 1.1059 % | |
| Cheng Yu-hsiang 鄭宇翔 (b. 1981) | Ind. | 8,394 | 0.6365 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 236,540 votes (17.936 percent of valid votes)
Please note that the English spelling of Cheng Yu-hsiang 鄭宇翔 has not been officially confirmed.
Overview of all regular direct elections for Kaohsiung City mayor since 1994
1994 1998
2002 2006
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
New Taipei City 2022
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 26, 2022 |
| Eligible voters | 3,316,517 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,877,186 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 56.601 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,846,531 votes (98.3669 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 30,655 votes (1.633 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| New Taipei City mayor candidate (2022) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hou Yu-yi 侯友宜 (b. 1957) | KMT | 1,152,555 | 62.417 % | |
| Lin Chia-lung 林佳龍 (b. 1964) | DPP | 693,976 | 37.582 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 458,579 votes (24.834 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for New Taipei City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taoyuan 2022
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 26, 2022 |
| Eligible voters | 1,825,127 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,085,225 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 59.460 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,071,763 votes (98.759 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 13,462 votes (1.240 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taoyuan City mayor candidate (2022) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simon Chang San-cheng 張善政 (b. 1954) | KMT | 557,572 | 52.023 % | |
| Cheng Yun-peng 鄭運鵬 (b. 1973) | DPP | 428,983 | 40.025 % | |
| Lai Hsiang-ling 賴香伶 (b. 1968) | TPP | 54,926 | 5.124 % | |
| Cheng Pao-ching 鄭寶清 (b. 1955) | Ind. | 30,282 | 2.825 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 128,589 votes (11.997 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taoyuan City mayor since 2014
2014 2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Taichung 2022
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 26, 2022 |
| Eligible voters | 2,274,107 voters |
| Total votes cast | 1,364,629 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 60.007 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 1,346,471 votes (98.669 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 18,158 votes (1.330 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Taichung City mayor candidate (2022) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu Shiow-yen 盧秀燕 (b. 1961) | KMT | 799,107 | 59.348 % | |
| Tsai Chi-chang 蔡其昌 (b. 1969) | DPP | 524,224 | 38.933 % | |
| Chen Mei-fei 陳美妃 (b. 1971) | Ind. | 23,140 | 1.718 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 274,883 votes (20.415 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Taichung City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
Tainan 2022
Date, Voters, Turnout, Valid/invalid votes
| Election date | Nov. 26, 2022 |
| Eligible voters | 1,548,203 voters |
| Total votes cast | 908,533 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 58.683 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 888,674 votes (97.814 percent of all votes cast) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 19,859 votes (2.185 percent of all votes cast) |
Candidates and Results
| Tainan City mayor candidate (2022) |
Political Party Affiliation |
Valid Votes Received |
Percent of Valid Votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huang Wei-che 黃偉哲 (b. 1963) | DPP | 433,684 | 48.801 % | |
| Hsieh Lung-chieh 謝龍介 (b. 1961) | KMT | 387,731 | 43.630 % | |
| Hsu Chun-hsin 許忠信 (b. 1965) | Ind. | 38,697 | 4.354 % | |
| Mark Lin Yi-feng 林義豐 (b. 1948) | Ind. | 24,606 | 2.768 % | |
| Wu Ping-hui 吳炳輝 (b. 1967) | Ind. | 3,956 | 0.445 % |
※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 45,953 votes (5.170 percent of valid votes)
Overview of all direct elections for Tainan City mayor since 2010
2010 2014
2018 2022
TOP HOME [◆ Special municipalities elections]
===== ===== ===== ===== =====
◆ Referendums since 2004
- Lists of all referendums in the ROC since 2004
- Nationwide referendum 1 + 2
- Nationwide referendum 3 + 4
- Nationwide referendum 5 + 6
- Nationwide referendums 7–16
- Nationwide referendums 17–20
- Constitutional referendums (nationwide)
- Local referendums since 2008
- Non-binding local referendums 1990–2003
++++++++++ TOP HOME [next chapter] [previous chapter] ++++++++++
Different kinds of referendums—nationwide and local
The ROC's Referendum Act (gongmin toupiaofa 公民投票法, abbrev. gongtoufa 公投法) which was promulgated on Nov. 27, 2003 distinguishes between nationwide referendums (quanguoxing gongmin toupiao 全國性公民投票) and local referendums (difangxing gongmin toupiao 地方性公民投票).
Nationwide referendums were held on five occasions (March 20, 2004; Jan. 12, 2008; March 22, 2008; Nov. 24, 2018; and Dec. 18, 2021). Since the Referendum Act before January 2018 required a minimum turnout of 50 percent of eligible voters for a valid result, all of the first six nationwide referendums in the ROC were rejected due to low participation.
Local referendums in the ROC were held on six occasions—in 2008 in Kaohsiung City, in 2009 and 2016 in Penghu County, in 2012 in Lienchiang County (Matsu), in 2017 in Kinmen County, and in December 2021 in Hsinchu City. The 50 percent minimum turnout requirement was repealed for the local referendums in Penghu and Matsu after the ROC Legislative Yuan had passed amendments to the Offshore Islands Development Act (lidao jianshe tiaoli 離島建設條例) on Jan. 23, 2009.
Amendments to the Referendum Act
On Dec. 12, 2017 the Legislative Yuan passed amendments to the Referendum Act to lower the thresholds for a referendum motion to be initiated and accepted, and for its result to be declared valid; opponents had criticized the old requirements as "birdcage referendum" (niaolong gongtou 鳥籠公投). The following provisions took effect two days after they were promulgated by the president on Jan. 3, 2018:
- The result of a referendum will be declared legitimate if 25 percent of all eligible voters cast ballots and a majority votes in favor of the proposal.
- The required number of signatures for a referendum initiative in the first stage was lowered from 0.5 percent to 0.01 percent of the total number of eligible voters in the most recent presidential election.
- In the second stage, for such an initiative to be accepted, the threshold has been lowered from 5 percent to 1.5 percent of the total number of eligible voters in the most recent presidential election.
- The ROC Executive Yuan was granted the right to propose referendums on major policies, proposing or vetoing a law.
- Signature drives, which are necessary for a referendum, are now allowed to be conducted online; the lead initiator of a referendum should request an authentication code when filing a request for an online signature drive with the Central Election Commission (CEC).
- Issues stipulated in the ROC Constitution—such as the nation's official title and territory—are not to be decided through referendums.
- The legal minimum voting age for referendums was lowered from 20 to 18.
Following the 2018 nationwide referendums, a further amendment to the Referendum Act was passed by the Legislative Yuan on June 17, 2019—starting in 2021, referendums are to be held on the fourth Saturday of August once every two years, thus decoupling them from national elections. The task of dealing with the issue of fake signatures on referendum petitions will reportedly be given to the CEC.
Constitutional referendums
In addition to nationwide referendums and local referendums there are also constitutional referendums (xiuxian gongtou 修憲公投), i. e. a vote about the proposal for a constitution amendment (xiuxian fujuean 修憲複決案). The first such referendum is scheduled to take place on Nov. 26, 2022. It should be pointed out that the legal foundation for constitutional referendums in the ROC is Article 12 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, not the Referendum Act. Article 12 reads as follows:
| “Amendment of the Constitution shall be initiated upon the proposal of one-fourth of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, passed by at least three-fourths of the members present at a meeting attended by at least three-fourths of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, and sanctioned by electors in the free area of the Republic of China at a referendum held upon expiration of a six-month period of public announcement of the proposal, wherein the number of valid votes in favor exceeds one-half of the total number of electors. The provisions of Article 174 of the Constitution shall not apply.” | (憲法之修改，須經立法院立法委員四分之一之提議，四分之三之出席，及出席委員四分之三之決議，提出憲法修正案，並於公告半年後， 經中華民國自由地區選舉人投票複決，有效同意票過選舉人總額之半數，即通過之，不適用憲法第一百七十四條之規定。) |
+++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++
Lists of all referendums in the ROC since 2004
Nationwide referendums
| No. | Date | Other ROC election held concurrently | Eligible voters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 + 2 | 2004, March 20 | Presidential election | 16,497,746 |
| 3 + 4 | 2008, Jan. 12 | Legislative Yuan election | 17,277,720 |
| 5 + 6 | 2008, March 22 | Presidential election | 17,313,854 |
| 7–16 | 2018, Nov. 24 | 9-in-1 local elections | 19,760,982 |
| 17–20 | 2021, Dec. 18 | [none] | 19,825,468 |
Constitutional referendums (nationwide)
| No. | Date | Other ROC election held concurrently | Eligible voters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2022, Nov. 26 | 9-in-1 local elections | 19,239,392 |
Local referendums
| No. | Date | ROC city/county where referendum was held | Eligible voters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2008, Nov. 15 | Kaohsiung City | 1,159,368 |
| 2 | 2009, Sept. 26 | Penghu County | 73,651 |
| 3 | 2012, July 7 | Lienchiang County | 7,762 |
| 4 | 2016, Oct. 15 | Penghu County | 83,469 |
| 5 | 2017, Oct. 28 | Kinmen County | 114,426 |
| 6 | 2021, Dec. 18 | Hsinchu City | 357,083 |
Topics of nationwide referendums—an overview
| No. | Date | Topic (brief description) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2004, March 20 | Strengthen Taiwan’s self-defense capabilities | 👎 |
| 2 | " | For negotiations of the government with PRC to build consensus | 👎 |
| 3 | 2008, Jan. 12 | Establish an act pertaining to political party assets, return improper KMT assets | 👎 |
| 4 | " | Establish legislation to hold national leaders responsible for harming nation | 👎 |
| 5 | 2008, March 22 | Elevate Taiwan’s international status, join UN under the name “Taiwan” | 👎 |
| 6 | " | Return to UN under the name “Taiwan”, “ROC” or other appropriate name | 👎 |
| 7 | 2018, Nov. 24 | Lower output of thermal power plants by 1% per year | 👍 |
| 8 | " | Do not build new or expand existing coal-fired power plants | 👍 |
| 9 | " | Ban import of food from Fukushima disaster areas in Japan | 👍 |
| 10 | " | Civil Code should restrict marriage as between a man and a woman | 👍 |
| 11 | " | MOE should not teach homosexual-related education in elementary and middle schools | 👍 |
| 12 | " | Other types of unions than marriage to protect rights of same-sex couples | 👍 |
| 13 | " | Participate in international sporting events under the name “Taiwan” | 👎 |
| 14 | " | Civil Code should protect rights of same-sex couples to get married | 👎 |
| 15 | " | Gender equity education should be taught at all stages of national curriculum | 👎 |
| 16 | " | Rescind the planned phasing-out of nuclear power by 2025 | 👍 |
| 17 | 2021, Dec. 18 | Activate the mothballed Fourth Nuclear Power Plant | 👎 |
| 18 | " | Prohibit the import of pork containing ractopamine | 👎 |
| 19 | " | Hold referendums concurrently with national elections | 👎 |
| 20 | " | Relocate CPC’s planned LNG terminal to protect algal reefs | 👎 |
| 1st | 2022, Nov. 26 | Constitutional referendum: Lowering the voting age to 18 | 👎 |
Note: The column on the far right indicates whether the referendum in question was approved (👍) or rejected (👎).
————————————————————
Nationwide referendum 1 + 2
Held on March 20, 2004; concurrently with the ROC presidential election
Eligible voters: 16,497,746
Nationwide refendum 1—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di yi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 1 案全國性公民投票案
| "The People of Taiwan demand that the Taiwan Strait issue be resolved through peaceful means. Should Mainland China refuse to withdraw the missiles it has targeted at Taiwan and to openly renounce the use of force against us, would you agree that the Government should acquire more advanced anti-missile weapons to strengthen Taiwan's self-defense capabilities?" | 「台灣人民堅持台海問題應該和平解決。如果中共不撤除瞄準台灣的飛彈、不放棄對台灣使用武力，你是不是同意政府增加購置反飛彈裝備， 強化台灣自我防衛能力？」 |
| Total votes cast | 7,452,340 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 45.171 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 7,092,629 votes (95.173 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 359,711 votes (4.826 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 6,511,216 votes (91.802 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 581,413 votes (8.197 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 1+2]
Nationwide refendum 2—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di er an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 2 案全國性公民投票案
| "Would you agree that our Government should engage in negotiation with Mainland China on the establishment of a 'peace and stability' framework for cross-strait interactions in order to build consensus and for the welfare of the peoples on both sides?" | 「你是不是同意政府與中共展開協商談判，推動建立兩岸和平穩定的互動架構，謀求兩岸的共識與人民的福祉？」 |
| Total votes cast | 7,444,148 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 45.122 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 6,865,574 votes (92.227 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 578,574 votes (7.772 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 6,319,663 votes (92.048 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 545,911 votes (7.951 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 1+2]
Nationwide referendum 3 + 4
Held on Jan. 12, 2008; concurrently with the elections to the ROC Legislative Yuan
Eligible voters: 17,277,720
Nationwide refendum 3—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di san an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 3 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree to the establishment of an act pertaining to the disposition of assets improperly obtained by political parties, and the return of the KMT's assets to the public based on the following principles: All assets of the Kuomintang and its subsidiary organizations, excluding membership fees, political donations and elections subsidies, shall be deemed to be improperly obtained assets that should be returned to the public, and monies equal to the sum total of any already divested assets be returned to the public?" (DPP-initiated referendum) | 「你是否同意依下列原則制定『政黨不當取得財產處理條例』將中國國民黨黨產還給全民：國民黨及其附隨組織的財產，除黨費、 政治獻金及競選補助金外，均推定為不當取得的財產，應還給人民。已處分者，應償還價額。」 |
| Total votes cast | 4,550,881 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 26.339 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 4,254,664 votes (93.490 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 296,217 votes (6.509 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,891,170 votes (91.456 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 363,494 votes (8.543 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 3+4]
Nationwide refendum 4—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di si an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 4 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree to the establishment of legislation holding the national leaders and subordinates legally responsible for causing serious harm to the nation, deliberately or through major error; that any investigation be conducted by a legislative investigative committee; and that government departments must cooperate and may not refuse to do so, all in the public interest, and that those who break the law or are derelict in their duties of office be punished and required to return any improperly obtained income?" (KMT-initiated referendum) | 「您是否同意制定法律追究國家領導人及其部屬，因故意或重大過失之措施，造成國家嚴重損害之責任，並由立法院設立調查委員會調查， 政府各部門應全力配合，不得抗拒，以維全民利益，並懲處違法失職人員，追償不當所得？」 |
| Total votes cast | 4,505,927 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 26.079 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 3,961,026 votes (87.907 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 544,901 votes (12.092 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 2,304,136 votes (58.170 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 1,656,890 votes (41.829 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 3+4]
Nationwide referendum 5 + 6
Held on March 22, 2008; concurrently with the ROC presidential election
Eligible voters: 17,313,854
Nationwide refendum 5—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di wu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 5 案全國性公民投票案
| "In 1971, the People's Republic of China joined the United Nations, replacing the Republic of China and making Taiwan an international orphan. Do you agree that the government, in a strong expression of the will of the Taiwanese people and in order to elevate Taiwan's international status and promote its international participation, should join the United Nations under the name 'Taiwan'?" (DPP-initiated referendum) | 「1971 年中華人民共和國進入聯合國，取代中華民國，台灣成為國際孤兒。為強烈表達台灣人民的意志，提升台灣的國際地位及參與， 您是否同意政府以『台灣』名義加入聯合國？」 |
| Total votes cast | 6,201,677 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 35.819 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 5,881,589 votes (94.838 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 320,088 votes (5.161 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 5,529,230 votes (94.009 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 352,359 votes (5.990 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 5+6]
Nationwide refendum 6—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di liu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 6 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that our country should apply to return to the United Nations and enter other organizations using a pragmatic and flexible name strategy, that is, do you approve applying to return to the United Nations and joining other international organizations under the name 'Republic of China', 'Taiwan' or another name that facilitates success while maintaining dignity?" (KMT-initiated referendum) | 「您是否同意我國申請重返聯合國及加入其他組織，名稱採務實、有彈性的策略，亦即贊成以中華民國名義、或以台灣名義、 或以其他有助於成功並兼顧尊嚴的名稱，申請重返聯合國及加入其他國家組織？」 |
| Total votes cast | 6,187,118 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 35.735 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 5,686,369 votes (91.906 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 500,749 votes (8.093 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 4,962,309 votes (87.266 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 724,060 votes (12.733 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 5+6]
Nationwide referendums 7–16
Held on Nov. 24, 2018; concurrently with the ROC 9-in-1 local elections
Eligible voters: 19,760,982
Please note that concerning the nationwide referendums voted on in 2018, some Taiwanese media used abbreviated forms in Chinese for referring to the ten different referendums of that day in order to reduce confusion.
| No. | Concise question content (English) | Referendum abbreviation (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Reducing output from thermal power plants | fan kongwu 反空汙 |
| 8 | Ceasing expansion of coal power plants | fan Shen'ao dianchang 反深澳電廠 |
| 9 | Prohibition of food imports from Fukushima | fan heshi 反核食 |
| 10 | Restricting marriage under Civil Code to one man and woman | hunyin dingyi 婚姻定義 |
| 11 | Not implementing homosexual aspect of Gender Equality Education Act | shiling xingping jiaoyu 適齡性平教育 |
| 12 | Protecting rights of same-sex couples outside of the Civil Code | tongxing banlü zhuanfa 同性伴侶專法 |
| 13 | Competing in international sports as "Taiwan" | dongao zhengming 東奧正名 |
| 14 | Protection of same-sex marital rights | hunyin pingquan 婚姻平權 |
| 15 | Implementing the Gender Equality Education Act | xingping jiaoyu 性平教育 |
| 16 | Repealing the planned end of nuclear power stations | yi he yang lü 以核養綠 |
Nationwide refendum 7—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di qi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 7 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree the electricity output of thermal power plants should be lowered by "at least 1 percent per year on average"?" (Initiated by Lu Shiow-yen 盧秀燕) | 「你是否同意以「平均每年至少降低 1 %」之方式逐年降低火力發電廠發電量？」 |
| Total votes cast | 10,780,050 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 54.563 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,064,910 votes (93.366 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 715,140 votes (6.633 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 7,955,753 votes (79.044 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 2,109,157 votes (20.955 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 8—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di ba an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 8 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that Taiwan should establish an energy policy that undertakes not to construct any new coal-fired power plants or generators or expand existing facilities (including the expansion of the Shen'ao Power Plant)?" (Initiated by Lin Te-fu 林德福) | 「你是否同意確立「停止新建、擴建任何燃煤發電廠或發電機組（包括深澳電廠擴建）」之能源政策？」 |
| Total votes cast | 10,769,528 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 54.509 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 9,945,583 votes (92.349 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 823,945 votes (7.650 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 7,599,267 votes (76.408 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 2,346,316 votes (23.591 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 9—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di jiu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 9 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree the government should maintain the ban on imports of agricultural products and food from areas in Japan affected by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant disaster on March 11, 2011, including Fukushima, Ibaraki, Gunma, Tochigi and Chiba prefectures?" (Initiated by Hau Lung-bin 郝龍斌) | 「你是否同意政府維持禁止開放日本福島 311 核災相關地區，包括福島與周遭4縣市（茨城櫪木群馬千葉）等地區農產品及食品進口？」 |
| Total votes cast | 10,779,322 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 54.559 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,023,281 votes (92.986 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 756,041 votes (7.013 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 7,791,856 votes (77.737 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 2,231,425 votes (22.262 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 10—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 10 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that Civil Code regulations should restrict marriage to being between a man and a woman?" (Initiated by Yu Hsin-yi 游信義) | 「你是否同意民法婚姻規定應限定在一男一女的結合？」 |
| Total votes cast | 11,024,945 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 55.802 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,565,437 votes (95.832 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 459,508 votes (4.167 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 7,658,008 votes (72.481 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 2,907,429 votes (27.518 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 11—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiyi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 11 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that the Ministry of Education and individual schools should not teach homosexual-related education, as detailed under the Enforcement Rules for the Gender Equity Education Act, in elementary and middle level schools?" (Initiated by Tseng Hsien-ying 曾獻瑩) | 「你是否同意在國民教育階段內（國中及國小），教育部及各級學校不應對學生實施性別平等教育法施行細則所定之同志教育？」 |
| Total votes cast | 11,010,104 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 55.727 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,503,003 votes (95.394 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 507,101 votes (4.605 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 7,083,379 votes (67.441 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 3,419,624 votes (32.558 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 12—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shier an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 12 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree to types of unions, other than those stated in the marriage regulations in the Civil Code, to protect the rights of same-sex couples who live together permanently?" (Initiated by Tseng Hsien-ying 曾獻瑩) | 「你是否同意以民法婚姻規定以外之其他形式來保障同性別二人經營永久共同生活的權益？」 |
| Total votes cast | 11,014,976 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 55.752 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,474,219 votes (95.090 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 540,757 votes (4.909 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 6,401,748 votes (61.119 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 4,072,471 votes (38.880 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 13—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shisan an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 13 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that Taiwan should apply to participate in all international sporting events, including the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, using the name 'Taiwan'?" (Initiated by Chi Cheng 紀政) | 「你是否同意，以「台灣」（Taiwan）為全名申請參加所有國際運動賽事及 2020 年東京奧運？」 |
| Total votes cast | 11,042,795 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 55.893 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,537,642 votes (95.425 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 505,153 votes (4.574 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 4,763,086 votes (45.200 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 5,774,556 votes (54.799 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 14—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shisi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 14 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that the Civil Code marriage regulations should be used to guarantee the rights of same sex couples to get married?"(Initiated by Miao Po-ya 苗博雅) | 「你是否同意，以民法婚姻章保障同性別二人建立婚姻關係？」 |
| Total votes cast | 10,940,467 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 55.375 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,331,983 votes (94.438 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 608,484 votes (5.561 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,382,286 votes (32.736 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 6,949,697 votes (67.263 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 15—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiwu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 15 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that gender equity education as defined in 'the Gender Equity Education Act' should be taught at all stages of the national curriculum and that such education should cover courses on emotional education, sex education and gay and lesbian education?" (Initiated by Wang Ting-yu 王鼎棫) | 「你是否同意，以「性別平等教育法」明定在國民教育各階段內實施性別平等教育，且內容應涵蓋情感教育、性教育、同志教育等課程？」 |
| Total votes cast | 10,931,837 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 55.331 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,312,836 votes (94.337 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 619,001 votes (5.662 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,507,665 votes (34.012 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 6,805,171 votes (65.987 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide refendum 16—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiliu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 16 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that abolishing the first section of Article 95 of the Electricity Act means abolishing the provision that 'all nuclear-energy-based power-generating facilities shall cease to operate by 2025'?" (Initiated by Huang Shih-hsiu 黃士修) | 「你是否同意：廢除電業法第 95 條第 1 項，即廢除「核能發電設備應於中華民國 114 年以前，全部停止運轉」之條文？」 |
| Total votes cast | 10,832,735 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 54.829 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 9,909,775 votes (91.479 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 922,960 votes (8.520 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 5,895,560 votes (59.492 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 4,014,215 votes (40.507 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 7–16]
Nationwide referendums 17–20
Held on Dec. 18, 2021
Eligible voters: 19,825,468
On May 27, 2021 the Central Election Commission (CEC) announced that in accordance with Article 23 of the Referendum Act four nationwide referendums were to be held in the ROC on Aug. 28 that year. Following an outbreak of COVID-19 on Taiwan the CEC on July 2, 2021 postponed the referendum date to Dec. 18 that year. The threshold for the nationwide referendums 17–20 to be passed would have been a minimum of 4,956,367 ‘Agree’ votes with the number of ‘Agree’ votes being higher than the ‘Disagree’ votes, but in none of the four referendums the Agree votes succeeded in surpassing the threshold, while the number of Disagree votes was higher for all of them, resulting in the nationwide referendums 17–20 to be rejected.
Please note that concerning the nationwide referendums voted on in 2021, some Taiwanese media used abbreviated forms in Chinese for referring to the four different referendums of that day in order to reduce confusion.
| No. | Concise question content (English) | Referendum abbreviation (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|
| 17 | Nuclear power plant 4 | chong qi he si 重啟核四 |
| 18 | Ractopamine pork | fan lai zhu 反萊豬 |
| 19 | Referendum Act | gongtou bang daxuan 公投綁大選 |
| 20 | LNG terminal | zhen'ai zaojiao 珍愛藻礁 |
Nationwide refendum 17—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiqi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 17 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that the 4th Nuclear Power Plant be activated for commercial operations?" | 「您是否同意核四啟封商轉發電？」 |
| Total votes cast | 8,145,700 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 41.0870 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,067,206 votes (99.036 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 78,494 votes (0.963 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,804,755 votes (47.163 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 4,262,451 votes (52.836 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 17–20]
Nationwide refendum 18—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shiba an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 18 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that the government should prohibit imports of pork, offal or other related products that contain the β-agonist, ractopamine?" | 「你是否同意政府應全面禁止進口含有瘦肉精（萊克多巴胺等乙型受體素）豬隻之肉品、內臟及其相關產製品？」 |
| Total votes cast | 8,145,865 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 41.0878 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,067,757 votes (99.041 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 78,108 votes (0.958 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,936,554 votes (48.793 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 4,131,203 votes (51.206 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 17–20]
Nationwide refendum 19—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di shijiu an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 19 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that a referendum should be held concurrently with a national election if it complies with the Referendum Act and if the election is scheduled to take place within six months of the referendum being approved?" | 「你是否同意公民投票案公告成立後半年內，若該期間內遇有全國性選舉時，在符合公民投票法規定之情形下，公民投票應與該選舉同日舉行？」 |
| Total votes cast | 8,145,193 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 41.0844 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,071,920 votes (99,100 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 73,273 votes (0.899 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,951,882 votes (48.958 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 4,120,038 votes (51.041 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 17–20]
Nationwide refendum 20—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: di ershi an quanguoxing gongmin toupiaoan 第 20 案全國性公民投票案
| "Do you agree that CPC's LNG terminal should be relocated from its planned site on the algal reef coast of Datan and its adjacent waters?" | 「您是否同意中油第三天然氣接收站遷離桃園大潭藻礁海岸及海域？」 |
| Total votes cast | 8,145,454 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 41.0858 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 8,064,635 votes (99.007 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 80,819 votes (0.992 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 3,901,171 votes (48.373 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 4,163,464 votes (51.626 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Nationwide 17–20]
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Constitutional referendums (nationwide)
1st constitutional referendum (nationwide)—Topic and results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: xianfa xiuzheng’an zhi fujuean di yi an 憲法修正案之複決案第 1 案
Held on Nov. 26, 2022; eligible voters: 19,239,392
| "Amendment of Articles 1-1 of Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China - Any citizen of the Republic of China who has attained the age of 18 years shall have the right of election, recall, initiative and referendum in accordance with law. Except as otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law, any citizen who has attained the age of 18 years shall have the right of being elected in accordance with law. The provisions of Articles 130 of the Constitution shall cease to apply." | 「中華民國憲法增修條文增訂第一條之一條文修正案：第一條之一中華民國國民年滿十八歲者，有依法選舉、罷免、創制、複決及參加公民投票之權。 除本憲法及法律別有規定者外，年滿十八歲者，有依法被選舉之權。憲法第一百三十條之規定，停止適用。」 |
| Total votes cast | 11,345,932 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 58.972 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 10,663,529 votes (93.985 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 682,403 votes (6.014 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 5,647,102 votes (52.957 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 5,016,427 votes (47.0428 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (minimum threshold of 9,619,697 "Agree" votes not surpassed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Constitutional]
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Local referendums since 2008
- Local referendum 1 (2008, Kaohsiung City)
- Local referendum 2 (2009, Penghu County)
- Local referendum 3 (2012, Lienchiang County)
- Local referendum 4 (2016, Penghu County)
- Local referendum 5 (2017, Kinmen County)
- Local referendum 6 (2021, Hsinchu City)
Local referendum 1 (Kaohsiung City)—Topic and Results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: Gaoxiongshi difangxing gongmin toupiaoan di yi an 高雄市地方性公民投票案第 1 案
Held on Nov. 15, 2008; eligible voters: 1,159,368
| "A considerable decrease in the size of classrooms will have a positive effect on students' learning. The maximum number of students in a first, third and fifth grade class in the city's elementary schools and the maximum number of new students in a junior high school class should be 31 pupils in the last school year. The number should decrease by two students every school year until the maximum class size reaches 25 students in the 2010 school year." | 「學生班級人數適當的減少，可以增進學生的學習效果。本市公立國民小學一、三、五年級以及國民中學新生的編班，自 96 學年度起， 每班不得超過 31 人，以後每學年減少 2 人，至 99 學年度起，每班不得超過 25 人。」 |
| Total votes cast | 62,068 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 5.353 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 61,807 votes (99.579 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 261 votes (0.420 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 56,375 votes (91.211 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 5,432 votes (8.788 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Local]
Local referendum 2 (Penghu County)—Topic and Results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: Penghuxian difangxing gongmin toupiaoan di yi an 澎湖縣地方性公民投票案第 1 案
Held on Sept. 26, 2009; eligible voters: 73,651
| "Should Penghu establish international resorts, along with casinos?" | 「澎湖要不要設置國際觀光度假區附設觀光賭場？」 |
| Total votes cast | 31,054 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 42.163 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 30,756 votes (99.040 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 298 votes (0.959 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 13,397 votes (43.558 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 17,359 votes (56.441 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Local]
Local referendum 3 (Lienchiang County)—Topic and Results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: Lianjiangxian difangxing gongmin toupiaoan di yi an 連江縣地方性公民投票案第 1 案
Held on July 7, 2012; eligible voters: 7,762
| "Should Matsu establish international resorts, along with casinos?" | 「馬祖是否要設置國際觀光度假區附設觀光賭場？」 |
| Total votes cast | 3,164 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 40.762 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 3,136 votes (99.115 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 28 votes (0.884 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 1,795 votes (57.238 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 1,341 votes (42.761 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Local]
Local referendum 4 (Penghu County)—Topic and Results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: Penghuxian difangxing gongmin toupiaoan di er an 澎湖縣地方性公民投票案第 2 案
Held on Oct. 15, 2016; eligible voters: 83,469
| "Do you agree that Penghu should establish international resorts, along with casinos?" | 「您是否同意澎湖設置國際觀光度假區附設觀光賭場？」 |
| Total votes cast | 33,024 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 39.564 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 32,808 votes (99.345 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 216 votes (0.654 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 6,210 votes (18.928 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 26,598 votes (81.071 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Local]
Local referendum 5 (Kinmen County)—Topic and Results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: Jinmenxian difangxing gongmin toupiaoan di yi an 金門縣地方性公民投票案第 1 案
Held on Oct. 28, 2017; eligible voters: 114,426
| "To revive Kinmen's economy and create development, do you approve of establishing an international resort, with 5 percent of the resort area open to tourism gambling?" | 「為振興金門經濟，開創金門的前途，您是否贊成設立國際渡假區並於其中開放５％觀光博弈？」 |
| Total votes cast | 27,662 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 24.174 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 27,073 votes (97.870 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 589 votes (2.129 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 2,705 votes (9.991 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 24,368 votes (90.008 percent of valid votes) |
Result: REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Local]
Local referendum 6 (Hsinchu City)—Topic and Results
Term for the referendum in Chinese: Xinzhushi difangxing gongmin toupiaoan di yi an 新竹市地方性公民投票案第 1 案
Held on Dec. 18, 2021; eligible voters: 357,083
| "Do you agree that Hsinchu City should make Self-Government Ordinance for Wastewater Management, which stipulates that both wastewater and polluted water produced by industries, hospitals, and businesses must be treated to remove contaminants via specially designed pipelines, instead of allowing the disposal of such water into waterways upstream to contaminate drinking water intake and irrigation water intake areas?" | 「您是否同意，新竹市應訂定廢污水管理自治條例，明定工業廢水、醫療廢水及其他事業廢水和污水，應以專管回收， 不可排入飲用水取水口或灌溉水取水口上游？」 |
| Total votes cast | 154,923 votes |
| Voter turnout (%) | 43.385 percent |
| ⇨ Valid votes | 151,397 votes (97.724 percent of total votes) |
| ⇨ Invalid votes | 3,526 votes (2.275 percent of total votes) |
| Agree 👍 | 131,816 votes (87.066 percent of valid votes) |
| Disagree 👎 | 19,581 votes (12.933 percent of valid votes) |
Result: APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)
TOP HOME [◆ Referendums] [Local]
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Non-binding local referendums 1990–2003
Note: Local referendums were held in Taiwan since 1990, but before the ROC Referendum Act was promulgated in November 2003 they were generally not considered legally binding. Most of these referendums were organized by local governments and administration offices, and they often concerned local development projects.
| Year, date | Referendum area | Topic / question |
|---|---|---|
| 1990, May 6 | 6 boroughs in Nanzi District (Kaohsiung City) | Construction of the Fifth Naphtha Cracker Plant |
| 1994, May 22 | Kungliao Township (Taipei County) | Fourth Nuclear Power Plant |
| 1994, Nov. 27 | Taipei County | Fourth Nuclear Power Plant |
| 1995, March 29 | Xizhi Town (Taipei County) | Construction of a tunnel in the Yuandong Community 遠東區 |
| 1995, June 18 | Daliao Township (Kaohsiung County) | Development project in a water resources protection area |
| 1995, Aug. 12 | 2 boroughs in Daan District (Taipei City) | Road configuration at Yongkang Park 永康公園 |
| 1996, March 23 | Taipei City | Fourth Nuclear Power Plant |
| 1997, Aug. 3 | Minxiong Township (Chiayi County) | Reconstruction of Liaoting Community 療頂村社區 |
| 1997, Aug. 12 | Sanxia Town (Taipei County) | Preserve or dismantle Sanxia's Old Street 三峽老街? |
| 1998, June 13 | Longjing, Qingshui, Shalu, Wuqi (Taichung County) | Construction of a TDI plant by Bayer Co. near Taichung harbour |
| 1998, Dec. 5 | Dahu Borough 大湖里 in Neihu District (Taipei City) | Construction of a hospital complex by the Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation |
| 1998, Dec. 5 | Tainan City | Should Taiwan be ruled by the PRC? |
| 1998, Dec. 5 | Tainan City | Construction of an airport at Qigu |
| 1998, Dec. 5 | Yilan County | Fourth Nuclear Power Plant |
| 2001, June 8 | Penghu County | Permit legal gambling franchises? |
| 2001, June 8 | Penghu County | Put Dongji Village 東吉村 under trusteeship of Tainan County? |
| 2003, June 7 | Wujie Township (Yilan County) | Location for planned community activity center |
| 2003, Aug. 23 | Yilan County | Highway name issue |
| 2003, Sept. 13 | Pinglin Township (Taipei County) | Opening of an exclusive freeway service ramp to the public |
| 2003, Oct. 4 | Jiji Township (Nantou County) | Construction of a waste incinerator |
| 2003, Nov. 9 | Xihu Township (Miaoli County) | Connect community to highway by new interchange |
Nuclear power plant—Yes or No?
No less than four local referendums focused on the issue of the then-planned Fourth Nuclear Power Plant and asked the voters whether they agreed with the project or not. In all four cases the (KMT-led) ROC central government dismissed the results as 'having no legal basis' (wu fayuan yiju 無法源依據).
① Referendum organized by the Kungliao Township Office (Taibei xian gongliao xiang
gongsuo 台北縣貢寮鄉公所) in Taipei County on May 22, 1994.
② Referendum organized by the (then-DPP led) Taipei County
Government (Taibei xianzhengfu 台北縣政府) on Nov. 27, 1994. Please note that the plebiscite was held in
conjunction with a referendum about a proposed recall of ROC legislators
Chan Yu-jen 詹裕仁, Daniel Han Kuo-yu 韓國瑜, Hung Hsiu-chu 洪秀柱, and Lin Jih-jia 林志嘉 (all KMT).
③ Referendum organized by the (then-DPP led) Taipei City
Government (Taibei shizhengfu 台北市政府) on March 23, 1996.
④ Referendum organized by the (then-DPP led) Yilan County
Government (Yilan xianzhengfu 宜蘭縣政府) on Dec. 5, 1998.
| Result details | ① | ② | ③ | ④ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible voters | 10,107 | 2,085,940 | 1,836,039 | ~ 320,720 (± 60) |
| Total votes cast | 5,898 | 384,776 | 1,078,009 | 142,375 |
| Voter turnout | 58.355 % | 18.446 % | 58.713 % | 44.39 % |
| Valid votes (% of total votes) |
5,845 (99.101 %) |
378,523 (98.374 %) |
1,035,295 (96.037 %) |
134,062 (94.161 %) |
| Invalid votes (% of total votes) |
53 (0.898 %) |
6,253 (1.625 %) |
42,714 (3.962 %) |
8,313 (5.838 %) |
| Agreed (% of valid votes) |
176 (3.011 %) |
43,333 (11.447 %) |
479,752 (46.339 %) |
48,365 (36.076 %) |
| Disagreed (% of valid votes) |
5,669 (96.988 %) |
335,190 (88.552 %) |
555,543 (53.660 %) |
85,697 (63.923 %) |
Note: Regarding the figures for the 1998 Yilan referendum, available sources online and contemporary newspapers accessible in the National Central Library (NCL) in Taipei did not offer any information about the number of eligible voters for that referendum. The Yilan County Election Commission replied to an inquiry of the chief researcher, revealing that the commission had not kept relevant records of that referendum. The number of eligible voters shown in above table is an estimate which was generated by calculating figures provided in available sources—the number of total votes cast and the reported voter turnout percentage.
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◆ Glossary: Election terms English–Chinese
++++++++++ TOP HOME [previous chapter] ++++++++++
| English | Hanyu Pinyin, traditional characters |
|---|---|
| Agree | tongyi 同意 |
| By-election | buxuan 補選 |
| Candidate | houxuanren 候選人 |
| City mayor | shizhang 市長 |
| County magistrate | xianzhang 縣長 |
| Denied (referendum/recall vote) | foujue 否決 |
| Disagree | bu tongyi 不同意 |
| Election | xuanju 選舉 |
| Election date | toupiao riqi 投票日期 |
| Eligible voters (number of ~) | xuanjuren (shu) 選舉人（數） |
| Independent | wu dangji 無黨籍 |
| Invalid votes (number of ~) | wuxiaopiao (shu) 無效票（數） |
| Invalid votes (percentage of ~) | wuxiaopiao (lü) 無效票（率） |
| Legislative Yuan election | lifayuan xuanju 立法院選舉 |
| Local | difangxing 地方性 |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | lifa weiyuan 立法委員 / liwei 立委 |
| Member of the Provincial Assembly | sheng yiyuan 省議員 |
| Nationwide | quanguoxing 全國性 |
| Number of elected candidates | dangxuan xici 當選席次 |
| Passed (referendum/recall vote) | tongguo 通過 |
| Political party | zhengdang 政黨 |
| Presidential election | zongtong daxuan 總統大選 |
| Provincial assembly | sheng yihui 省議會 |
| Recall vote | bamianan 罷免案 |
| Referendum | gongmin toupiao 公民投票 / gongtou 公投 |
| Total votes cast | toupiaoshu 投票數 / zong toupiaoshu 總投票數 |
| Threshold | menkan 門檻 / menkan piaoshu 門檻票數 |
| Valid votes (number of ~) | youxiaopiao (shu) 有效票（數） |
| Valid votes (percentage of ~) | youxiaopiao (lü) 有效票（率） |
| Voter turnout | toupiaolü 投票率 |
| Votes received (number of ~) | depiao (shu) 得票（數） |
| Votes received (percentage of ~) | depiao (lü) 得票（率） |
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